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Coating Characterizations

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Thermal Spray Fundamentals

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Abstract

Coatings, as most industrial products, must be tested at the research and development stage, in production environment, but it should be kept in mind that coating properties depend strongly on both the spray conditions and powder used and both must be regularly tested. Tests at the research and development level use techniques more or less sophisticated such as metallography and image analysis. In production, tests deal with the quality control (adhesion–cohesion, mechanical properties, thermal properties, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.) and are more targeted toward the service conditions, without neglecting some simple tests from visual observation of the coated part to some specific characteristics required by the coating or component specifications. The aim of this chapter is not to describe in detail all the characterization and testing methods that could be used for thermal spray coatings but to give the reader information about the most used techniques and the information that can be drawn from them. It starts with the specificity of coating characterization methods followed by nondestructive methods, metallography and image analysis, materials characterization, void content and network architecture, adhesion–cohesion, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and testing of wear and corrosion resistance.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ASM Thermal Spray Society (TSS), Accepted Practices Committee on Metallography Accepted Practice–Molybdenum Thermal Spray Coatings, see [Puerta DG (2008)].

  2. 2.

    ASM Thermal Spray Society (TSS), Accepted Practices Committee on Metallography Accepted Practice–NiCrAl/Bentonite Abradable Coatings, see [Puerta DG (2008)].

Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

AC:

Alternative Current

AE:

Acoustic Emission

AES:

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

AFM:

Atomic Force Microscopy

AP:

Archimedean Porosimetry

BSE:

Back Scattered Electrons

CBN:

Cubic Boron Nitride

CMAS:

Calcium–Magnesium–Aluminosilicate

DB:

Double Bar method

DC:

Direct Current

DCB:

Double Cantilever Beam

D-gun:

Detonation Gun

DOF:

Depth of Field

DPH:

Diamond Pyramid Hardness

DSC:

Differential Scanning Calorimetry

DTA:

Differential Thermal Analysis

EB-PVD:

Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

EDS:

Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

EIS:

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

EN:

Electrochemical Noise

EPMA:

Electron Probe Microanalysis

ESCA:

Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis

EXAFS:

Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure

FBR:

Fluidized Bed Reactor

FCT:

Furnace Cycle Test

FESEM:

Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope

FFT:

Fast Fourier Transform

FGM:

Functional Gradient Material

FIB:

Focused Ion Beam

FTIR:

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

FWHM:

Full-Width at Half-Maximum

GP:

Gas Permeation

HA:

Hydroxyapatite

HIP:

Hot Isostatic Pressing

HK:

Knoop Hardness

HR:

High resolution

HRTEM:

High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

HU:

Universal Hardness

HV:

Vickers Hardness

HVOF:

High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel

i.d.:

Internal Diameter

IA:

Image Analysis

ICP:

Inductively Coupled Plasma

IRS:

Infrared Spectroscopy

JCPDS:

Joint Committee Powder Diffraction Standard

JETS:

Jet Engine Thermal Shock

LASAT:

Laser Adhesion Test

MIP:

Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

MS:

Mass Spectrometry

MSANS:

Multiple Small Angle Neutron Scattering

ND:

Neutron Diffraction

NDT:

Nondestructive Technique

NEXAFS:

Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure

NS:

Neutron Scattering

OM:

Optical Microscopy

OOF:

Object-Oriented Finite Element Analysis

P:

Pycnometry

PS:

Porod Scattering

PT:

Pulsed Thermography

R&D:

Research and Development

RC:

Resistive/Capacitive Circuit

RCF:

Rolling Contact Fatigue

REV:

Representative Elementary Volume

RFPPS:

RF Precursor Plasma Spray Synthesis

RPM:

Rotation Per Minute

RTS:

Reactive Thermal Spraying

RVE:

Representative Volume Element

SANS:

Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

SAW:

Surface Acoustic Waves

SAXS:

Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

SB:

Single Bar Method

SCE:

Standard Calomel Electrode

SEM:

Scanning Electron Microscopy

SRV:

Sliding, Reciprocating, and Vibrating friction

ST:

Stereological Protocols

STF:

Strain to Fracture

TAT:

Tensile Adhesion Test

TBC:

Thermal Barrier Coating

TEM:

Transmission Electron Microscopy

TG:

Thermo Gravimeter

TG-DTA:

Thermo Gravimeter-Differential Thermal Analysis

TGO:

Thermally Grown Oxide

TSR:

Thermal Shock Resistance

TSS:

Thermal Spray Society

URCAS:

Ultrasonic Reflection Coefficient Amplitude Spectrum

USAXS:

Ultrasmall Angle X-Ray Scattering

VH:

Vickers Hardness

XANES:

X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure

XAS:

X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

XPS:

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

XRD:

X-Ray Diffraction

XRF:

X-Ray Fluorescence

YAG:

Yttrium Aluminum Garnet

YPSZ:

Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia

YSZ:

Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de génie chimique et de genie biotechnologique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

    Maher I. Boulos

  2. Sciences des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface (SPCTS), Université de Limoges, LIMOGES, France

    Pierre L. Fauchais

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Joachim V. R. Heberlein

Authors
  1. Maher I. Boulos
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  2. Pierre L. Fauchais
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  3. Joachim V. R. Heberlein
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Appendices

Nomenclature

Units are indicated in parentheses; when no units are indicated, the parameter is dimensionless.

1.1 Latin Alphabet

a :

Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)

a c :

Half-diagonal crack length (μm)

a k :

Crack length (m)

A :

Area (m2)

A w :

Area of contact (m2)

B :

Thickness (m)

cf:

Correction factor related to the shape of the indenter

c p :

Specific heat at constant pressure (J/K kg)

C :

Compliance: ratio of the displacement to the load (m/N)

C T :

Corrosion rate at temperature T (mm/year or mpy)

d :

Equivalent or inside diameter (m)

d 0 :

“Stress-free” lattice parameter (nm)

d hkl :

Distance between atomic layers with the same Miller indices (h, k, l)

d w :

Sliding distance (m)

D :

Outside diameter of the bar (m)

e :

Sample thickness (m)

E :

Energy (J) or (eV)

E′:

Young’s modulus (GPa)

E′c:

Young’s modulus of the coating (GPa)

E′s:

Young’s modulus of the substrate (GPa)

E c :

Corrosion potential (mV)

F :

Force applied (N)

f(α):

A function of the impingement angle α (−)

F N :

Applied normal force (N)

G c :

Critical value of the strain energy release rate (J/m2)

h :

Penetration depth of an indenter (μm)

H :

Hardness or yield stress (MPa)

h max :

Penetration depth (μm)

h p :

Plastic component of penetration depth of an indenter (μm)

h r :

Residual depth of the residual deformation once the indenter is removed (μm)

HV x :

Hardness measured with a load of ‘x’ Newton

I :

Impressed current (mA)

I c :

Corrosion current (no external current) (mA)

k :

Wave vector of the incident neutron beam

K :

Strain energy release rate (related to the fracture toughness) (N/m3/2)

ko:

Wave vector of the scattered neutron beam

K adh :

Adhesion wear coefficient Kadh = Kw/3 (−)

K c :

Fracture toughness (N/m3/2)

K ca :

Apparent interface fracture toughness (N/m3/2)

K w :

Wear coefficient (−)

l :

Length of the coating (m)

L :

Length scale (m)

l c :

Palmqvist surface crack length (μm)

m :

Shape parameter in Weibull distribution

p :

Pressure (Pa)

P :

Force required extending a crack (N)

P c :

Applied load (N) on an indenter

P max :

Maximum load on an indenter (N)

q :

Scattering vector

q :

Modulus of scattering vector

Q :

Imposed gas flow (m3/s)

S :

Slope of the initial part of the unloading curve (−)

U :

Elastic energy stored in the system (J)

V :

Volume (m3)

V b :

Coating bulk volume (m3)

V p :

Open pores volume (m3)

V w :

Wear volume (m3)

w :

Coating thickness (μm)

w dry :

The dried coating weight (kg)

w sat :

The wet coating weight (kg)

w wd :

Weight of water displaced (kg)

W :

Total work (J)

W e :

Work done by external forces (J) or elastic work (J)

x i :

Measured value of indent, hardness, Young’s module …

1.2 Greek Alphabet

α :

Impingement angle (°)

φ :

Angle with respect to the normal to the substrate surface (°)

ϕ :

Phase angle

γ :

Surface tension (J/m2 or N/m)

η :

Arithmetic mean of the sample of N events

κ :

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

μ :

Viscosity (Pa.s)

λ :

Wavelength (nm)

ν :

Poisson’s ratio

θ :

Angle of incidence

ρ :

Mass density (kg/m3)

σ :

Standard deviation

ρ(r):

Scattering length density

ϕ a :

Apparent porosity (%)

τ c :

Critical shear stress (MPa)

κ e :

Electronic conduction (W/m K)

σ f :

Fracture stress (MPa)

ΔG*:

Activation energy of the corrosion reaction (J)

εhkl:

Lattice strain (−)

α L :

Linear expansion coefficient (K−1)

κ c :

Thermal conductivity of the coating (W/m.K)

κ Ph :

Lattice conduction or phonon conduction (W/m.K)

α V :

Volumetric expansion coefficients

δ w :

Depth of wear (μm)

ρ X :

Specific mass or mass density of X (kg/m3)

Δp:

Pressure drop (Pa)

ASTM Standards

1.1 A.1: Adhesion–Cohesion

  • [17.A1] ASTM C633 Revision/Edition: 01 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/08 Standard test method for adhesion or cohesion strength of thermal spray coatings

1.2 A.2: Corrosion

  • [17.C1] ASTM G193 Revision/Edition: 10B Chg: Date: 06/01/10 Standard terminology and acronyms relating to corrosion

  • [17.C2] ASTM 03.02 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 08/00/10 Corrosion of metals; Wear and corrosion

  • [17.C3] ASTM G102 Revision/Edition: 89 Standard practice for calculation of corrosion rates and related information from electrochemical measurements

  • [17.C4] ASTM G3 Revision/Edition: 89 Standard practice for conventions applicable to electrochemical measurements in corrosion testing

  • [17.C5] BS EN ISO 17475 Revision/Edition: 06 Corrosion of metals and alloys—Electrochemical test methods—Guidelines for conducting potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization measurements

  • [17.C6] ASTM G5 Revision/Edition: 94 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/04 Standard reference test method for making potentiostatic and potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements

  • [15.C7] ASTM G59 Revision/Edition: 97 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/09 Standard test method for conducting polarization resistance measurements

  • [17.C8] ASTM G61 Revision/Edition: 86 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/09 Standard test method for conducting cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements for localized corrosion susceptibility of iron-, nickel-, or cobalt-based alloys

  • [17.C9] ASTM G102 Revision/Edition: 89 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard practice for calculation of corrosion rates and related information from electrochemical measurements

  • [17.C10] ASTM G106 Revision/Edition: 89 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard practice for verification of algorithm and equipment for electrochemical impedance measurements

  • [17.C11] SEMI F77 Revision/Edition: 03 Chg: W/REAP Date: 03/00/10 Test method for electrochemical critical pitting temperature testing of alloy surfaces used in corrosive gas systems

  • [17.C12] ASTM G150 Revision/Edition: 99 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard test method for electrochemical critical pitting temperature testing of stainless steels

  • [17.C13] ASTM G78 Revision/Edition: 01 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/07 Standard guide for crevice corrosion testing of iron-base stainless alloys in seawater and other chloride-containing aqueous environments

  • [17.C14] ASTM B117 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 07/01/09 Standard practice for operating salt spray (fog) apparatus

  • [17.C15] ISO DIS 21608 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 10/29/10 Corrosion of metals and alloys—Test method for isothermal-exposure oxidation testing under high-temperature corrosion conditions for metallic materials.

1.3 A.3: Mechanical Properties

  • [17.M1] ASTM 03.01 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 07/00/10 Metals-mechanical testing; elevated and low-temperature tests; Metallography

  • [17.M2] ASM METALS HDBK V8 Revision/Edition: 00 Chg: Date: 00/00/00 Mechanical testing and evaluation

  • [17.M3] ASTM E6 Revision/Edition: 09B Chg: Date: 05/15/09 Standard terminology relating to methods of mechanical testing

  • [17.M4] BS 7134 P4 S4.2 Revision/Edition: 90 Chg: REAF Date: 00/00/96 Testing of engineering ceramics—thermo-mechanical properties—method for determination of thermal diffusivity by the laser flash (or heat pulse) method

  • [17.M5] ASTM A833 Revision/Edition: 08A Chg: Date: 11/01/08 Standard practice for indentation hardness of metallic materials by comparison hardness testers

  • [17.M6] ASTM C1327 Revision/Edition: 08 Chg: Date: 08/01/08 Standard test method for Vickers indentation hardness of advanced ceramics

  • [17.M7] ASTM E384 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: W/E2 Date: 04/00/10 Standard test method for Knoop and Vickers hardness of materials

  • [17.M8] ASTM C1326 Revision/Edition: 08 Chg: W/E1 Date: 09/00/08 Standard test method for Knoop indentation hardness of advanced ceramics

  • [17.M9] ASTM C1327-08 Standard test method for Vickers indentation hardness of advanced ceramics

  • [17.M10] BS 5600 P4 S4.7 Revision/Edition: 79 Chg: Date: 00/00/79 Determination of the Young’s modulus

  • [17.M11] JIS Z 2280 Revision/Edition: 93 Chg: W/REAF Date: 10/01/08 Test method for Young’s modulus of metallic materials at elevated temperature

  • [17.M12] BS DD CEN/TS 1071-7 Revision/Edition: 03 Chg: Date: 10/16/03 Advanced technical ceramics—Methods of test for ceramic coatings—Part 7: Determination of hardness and Young’s modulus by instrumented indentation testing

  • [17.M12] ASTM C1198 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 11/04/09 Standard test method for dynamic Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio for advanced ceramics by sonic resonance

  • [17.M13] ASTM C1259 Revision/Edition: 08 Chg: W/E1 Date: 04/00/09 Standard test method for dynamic Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio for advanced ceramics by impulse excitation of vibration

  • [17.M14] API TR 6 AM Revision/Edition: 2 Chg: W/REAF Date: 01/00/03 Material toughness

  • [17.M15] ASTM C1421 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 05/01/09 Standard test methods for determination of fracture toughness of advanced ceramics at ambient temperature

  • [17.M16] BS 7448-1 Revision/Edition: 91 Chg: W/REAF Date: 03/00/07 Fracture mechanics toughness tests—Part 1: Method for determination of K1c, critical CTOD and critical J values of metallic materials

  • [17.M17] BS EN ISO 12737 Revision/Edition: 06 Chg: Date: 01/12/06 Metallic materials—Determination of plane-strain fracture toughness

  • [17.M18] BS ISO 28079 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 08/31/09 Hardmetals—Palmquist toughness test

  • [17.M19] ASTM STP381 Revision/Edition: 65 Chg: Date: 00/00/65 Fracture toughness testing and its applications

  • [17.M20] BS EN 15305 Revision/Edition: 08 Chg: W/CRGD Date: 06/30/09 Non-destructive testing—Standard test method for determining residual stress analysis by X-ray diffraction

  • [15.M21] BS DD CEN ISO/TS 21432 Revision/Edition: 06 Chg: W/REAF Date: 12/01/08 Non-destructive testing—Standard test method for determining residual stresses by neutron diffraction.

1.4 A.4: Materials Characterization

  • [17.Ma1] ASTM E204 Revision/Edition: 98 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/07 Standard practices for identification of materials by infrared absorption spectroscopy, using the ASTM coded band and chemical classification index

  • [17.Ma2] BS EN 13925-1 Revision/Edition: 03 Chg: W/REAF Date: 12/01/08 Non-destructive testing—X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials—Part 1: General principles

  • [17.Ma3] BS EN 13925-2 Revision/Edition: 03 Chg: W/REAF Date: 12/01/08 Non-destructive testing—X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials—Part 2: Procedures

  • [17.Ma4] NBS MONO 25 SEC 16 Revision/Edition: 79 Chg: Date: 10/00/79 Standard X-ray diffraction powder patterns

  • [17.Ma5] ASTM F2024 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: REIN Date: 06/00/10 Standard practice for X-ray diffraction determination of phase content of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings

  • [17.Ma6] BS ISO 17470 Revision/Edition: 04 Chg: W/REAF Date: 12/01/08 Microbeam analysis—electron probe microanalysis—Guidelines for qualitative point analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry

  • [17.Ma7] BS ISO 18516 Revision/Edition: 06 Chg: W/REAF Date: 06/01/10 Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy—Determination of lateral resolution

  • [17.Ma8] AS ISO 15470 Revision/Edition: 06 Chg: Date: 10/20/06 Surface chemical analysis—X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy—description of selected instrumental performance parameters

  • [17.Ma9] BS ISO 10810 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 12/31/10 Surface chemical analysis—X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy—guidelines for analysis

  • [17.Ma10] BS ISO 15470 Revision/Edition: 05 Chg: W/REAF Date: 10/01/10 Surface chemical analysis—X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy—description of selected performance parameters

1.5 A.5: Metallography and Image Analysis

  • [17. Me1] ASTM E1920 Revision/Edition: 03 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/08 Standard guide for metallographic preparation of thermal sprayed coatings

  • [17. Me2] ASTM E3 Revision/Edition: 01 Chg: W/E1 Date: 03/00/09 Guide for metallographic preparation of metallographic specimens

  • [17. Me3] ASTM MNL46 Revision/Edition: 07 Chg: Date: 00/00/07 Metallographic and materialographic specimen preparation light microscopy, image analysis and hardness testing

1.6 A.6: Non-destructive Methods

  • [17.ND1] ESDU 91027 Revision/Edition: 91 Chg: W/AA Date: 11/01/93 Non-destructive examination—Choice of methods

1.7 A.7: Statistical Methods

  • [17.S1] ASTM C1239-07 Revises ASTM C1239-06a Standard practice for reporting uniaxial strength data and estimating Weibull distribution parameters for advanced ceramics

1.8 A.8: Thermal Properties

  • [17.T1] ASTM E228 Revision/Edition: 06 Chg: W/REIN Date: 09/01/06 Standard test method for linear thermal expansion of solid materials with a push-rod dilatometer

  • [17.T2] ASTM E289 Revision/Edition: 04 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard test method for linear thermal expansion of rigid solids with interferometry

  • [17.T3] ASTM C177 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 06/01/10 Standard test method for steady-state heat flux measurements and thermal transmission properties by means of the guarded-hot-plate apparatus

  • [17.T4] ASTM C201-93 (2009) Standard test method for thermal conductivity of refractories

  • [17.T5] ASTM E 1461 Revision/Edition: 07 Chg: Date: 11/01/07 Standard test method for thermal diffusivity of solids by the flash method Disk 6–12 mm diameter; 1.5–4 mm thick diffusivity 0.1–1000 m2/s

  • [17.T6] ASTM C 714 Revision/Edition: 05 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard test method for thermal diffusivity of carbon and graphite by a thermal pulse method; 6–12 mm, 2–4 mm thick; 0.04–2.0 cm2/s

  • [17.T7] ASTM C 1470-06 Standard guide for testing the thermal properties of advanced ceramics

  • [17.T8] BS 7134 P4 S4.2 Revision/Edition: 90 Chg: REAF Date: 00/00/96 Testing of engineering ceramics—thermo-mechanical properties—method for determination of thermal diffusivity by the laser flash (or heat pulse) method

  • [17.T9] ASTM D2766-95(2009) Standard test method for specific heat of liquids and solids

  • [17.T10] ASTM E1269-11 Standard test method for determining specific heat capacity by differential scanning calorimetry

  • [17.T11] ASTM C1525 Revision/Edition: 04 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/09 Standard test method for determination of thermal shock resistance for advanced ceramics by water quenching

  • [17.T12] FORD FLTM BI 107-05 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 02/03/09 Thermal shock for coating adhesion

  • [17.T13] JDQ149 Revision/Edition: 02 Chg: Date: 06/27/02 Tests for thermal shock resistance of high temperature coatings

  • [17.T14] ASTM C 1171-05 Standard test method for quantitatively measuring the effect of thermal shock and thermal cycling on refractories

  • [17.T15] ISO DIS 13123 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 07/22/10 Metallic and other inorganic coatings—Test method of cyclic heating for thermal barrier coatings under temperature gradient.

1.9 A.9: Void Content and Network Architecture

  • [17.V1] E2109-01(2007) Standard test methods for determining area percentage porosity in thermal sprayed coatings

1.10 A.10: Wear

  • [17.W1] ASTM G40 Revision/Edition: 10A Chg: Date: 07/01/10 Standard terminology relating to wear and erosion

  • [17.W2] ASTM C704/C704M Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: W/E1 Date: 08/00/09 Standard test method for abrasion, resistance of refractory materials at room temperature

  • [17.W3] ASTM G105 Revision/Edition: 02 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/07 Standard test method for conducting wet sand/rubber wheel abrasion test

  • [17.W4] ASTM G132 Revision/Edition: 96 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/07 Standard test method for pin abrasion testing

  • [17.W5] ASTM G65 Revision/Edition: 04 Chg: Date: 11/01/04 10 Standard test method for measuring abrasion using the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus

  • [17.W6] ASTM MNL56 Revision/Edition: 07 Chg: Date: 00/00/07 Guide to friction, wear, and erosion testing

  • [17.W7] ASTM G99 Revision/Edition: 05 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard test method for wear testing with a pin-on-disk apparatus

  • [17.W8] ASTM G133 Revision/Edition: 05 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/10 Standard test method for linearly reciprocating ball-on-disk sliding wear

  • [17.W9] ASTM G98 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 10/01/09 Standard test method for galling resistance of materials

  • [17.W10] ASTM G73 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 04/01/10 Standard test method for liquid impingement erosion using rotating apparatus

  • [17.W11] ASTM G134 Revision/Edition: 95 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/06 Standard test method for erosion of solid materials by a cavitating liquid jet

  • [17.W12] ASTM G32 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 05/01/09 Standard test method for cavitation erosion using vibratory apparatus

  • [17.W13] ASTM E1942 Revision/Edition: 98 Chg: W/REAP Date: 00/00/04 Standard guide for evaluating data acquisition systems used in cyclic fatigue and fracture mechanisms

  • [17.W14] ASTM E2368 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 05/01/10 Standard practice for strain controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing

  • [17.W15] BS 3518-1 Revision/Edition: 93 Chg: W/REAF Date: 01/01/09 Methods of fatigue testing—Part 1: Guide to general principles

  • [17.W16] BS 3518-2 Revision/Edition: 62 Chg: W/REAF Date: 01/01/09 Methods of fatigue testing—Part 2: Rotating bending fatigue tests

  • [17.W17] BS 3518-3 Revision/Edition: 63 Chg: W/REAF Date: 01/01/09 Methods of fatigue testing—Part 3: Direct stress fatigue tests

  • [17.W18] ASTM G119 Revision/Edition: 09 Chg: Date: 07/15/09 Standard guide for determining synergism between wear and corrosion

  • [17.W19] ASTM 03.02 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 08/00/10 Corrosion of metals; Wear and corrosion

  • [17.W20] ASTM G204 Revision/Edition: 10 Chg: Date: 04/01/10 Standard test method for damage to contacting solid surfaces under fretting conditions

  • [17.W21] ASTM STP1159 Revision/Edition: 92 Chg: Date: 00/00/92 Standardization of fretting fatigue test methods and equipment

  • [17.W22] ASTM STP1367 Revision/Edition: 00 Chg: Date: 02/00/00 Fretting fatigue: current technology and practices

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Boulos, M.I., Fauchais, P.L., Heberlein, J.V.R. (2021). Coating Characterizations. In: Thermal Spray Fundamentals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70672-2_17

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