Skip to main content
Log in

Evaluation of Parameters for Assessment of Inter-Splat Bond Strength in Cold-Sprayed Coatings

  • Peer Reviewed
  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The quality and performance of cold spray coatings are largely determined by the extent and strength of bonding between the adjacent splats. Usually, the extent of inter-splat bonding is only qualitatively estimated by examining the polished and etched sectioned surfaces of the coated sample. Thus, there is a clear need for indirect techniques to quantitatively estimate the extent of inter-splat bonding so that they can serve as quality control tools. In this study, elastic modulus, electrical conductivity, and critical load for inter-splat debonding as determined using a scratch test are considered as possible parameters for the estimation of the extent of inter-splat bonding using four different cold spray coatings (Ag, Cu, 316 Stainless Steel, and Zn) as model coatings. It is demonstrated that all the three parameters are capable of quantifying the extent of inter-splat bonding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. W.-Y. Li, C.-J. Li, and H. Liao, Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Cold Sprayed Copper Coating, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15, p 206-211

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. P. Sudharshan Phani, D. Srinivasa Rao, S.V. Joshi, and G. Sundararajan, Effect of Process Parameters and Heat Treatments on Properties of Cold Sprayed Copper Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16, p 425-434

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. Sudharshan Phani, V. Vishnukanthan, and G. Sundararajan, Effect of Heat Treatment on Properties of Cold Sprayed Nanocrystalline Copper Alumina Coatings, Acta Mater., 2007, 55, p 4741-4751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. R.C. McCune, W.T. Donion, O.O. Popoola, and E.L. Cartwright, Characterization of Copper Layers Produced by Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2000, 9(1), p 73-82

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. T. Novoselova, P. Fox, R. Morgan, and W. O’Neill, Experimental Study of Titanium/Aluminium Deposits Produced by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 200, p 2775-2783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. H.-R. Wang, W.-Y. Li, L. Ma, J. Wang, and Q. Wang, Corrosion Behavior of Cold Sprayed Titanium Protective Coating on 1Cr13 Substrate in Seawater, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 201, p 5203-5206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. C.-J. Li and W.-Y. Li, Deposition Characteristics of Titanium Coating in Cold Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 167, p 278-283

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. L. Ajdelsztajn, B. Jodoin, and J.M. Schoenung, Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Ni Coatings Produced by Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, p 1166-1172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. T. Van Steenkiste and D.W. Gorkiewicz, Analysis of Tantalum Coatings Produced by the Kinetic Spray Process, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2003, 13(2), p 265-273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. N. Bala, H. Singh, and S. Prakash, High-Temperature Oxidation Studies of Cold-Sprayed Ni-20Cr and Ni-50Cr Coatings on SAE 213-T22 Boiler Steel, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 255, p 6862-6869

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. H.Y. Lee, S.H. Jung, S.Y. Lee, and K.H. Ko, Alloying of Cold-Sprayed Al-Ni Composite Coatings by Post-Annealing, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 253, p 3496-3502

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. W.-Y. Li, C. Zhang, H. Liao, J. Li, and C. Coddet, Characterization of Cold-Sprayed Nickel-Alumina Composite Coating with Relatively Large Nickel-Coated Alumina Powder, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, p 4855-4860

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. X. Guo, G. Zhang, W.Y. Li, L. Dembinski, Y. Gao, H. Liao, and C. Coddet, Microstructure, Microhardness and Dry Friction Behavior of Cold-Sprayed tin Bronze Coatings, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 254, p 1482-1488

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. G. Sundararajan, P. Sudharshan Phani, A. Jyothirmayi, and R.C. Gundakaram, The Influence of Heat Treatment on the Microstructural, Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviour of Cold Sprayed SS 316L Coatings, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, p 2320-2326

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. W.-Y. Li, H. Liao, G. Douchy, and C. Coddet, Optimal Design of a Cold Spray Nozzle by Numerical Analysis of Particle Velocity and Experimental Validation with 316L Stainless Steel Powder, Mater. Des., 2007, 28, p 2129-2137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Richer, A. Zúñiga, M. Yandouzi, and B. Jodoin, CoNiCrAlY Microstructural Changes Induced During Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 203, p 364-371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. H.-T. Wang, C.-J. Li, G.-J. Yang, and C.-X. Li, Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Property of Cold-Sprayed Nanostructured FeAl/Al2O3 Intermetallic Composite Coating, Vacuum, 2009, 83, p 146-152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. F. Gartner, C. Borchers, T. Stoltenhoff, and H. Kreye, Numerical and Microstructural Investigations of Bonding Mechanisms in Cold Spraying, Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the Science and Applying the Technology, C. Moreau and B. Marple, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 2003, p 1-7

  19. H. Assadi and F. Gartner, Thorsten Stoltenhoff and Heinrich Kreye, Bonding Mechanism in Cold Gas Spraying, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 4379-4394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Grujicic, J.R. Saylora, D.E. Beasleya, W.S. DeRossetb, and D. Helfritch, Computational Analysis of the Interfacial Bonding Between Feed-Powder Particles and the Substrate in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2003, 219, p 211-227

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Grujicic, C.L. Zhao, W.S. DeRosset, and D. Helfritch, Adiabatic Shear Instability Based Mechanism for Particles/Substrate Bonding in the Cold-Gas Dynamic-Spray Process, Mater. Des., 2004, 25, p 681-688

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. W.-Y. Li, C. Zhang, X. Guo, C.-J. Li, H. Liao, and C. Coddet, Study on Impact Fusion at Particle Interfaces and Its Effect on Coating Microstructure in Cold Spraying, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2007, 254, p 517-526

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. D. Zhang, P.H. Shipway, and D.G. McCartney, Particle Substrate Interactions in Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying, Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the Science and Applying the Technology, C. Moreau and B. Marple, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 2003, p 45-52

  24. A.N. Papyrin, S.V. Klinkov, and V.F.Kosarev, Modelling of Particle Substrate Adhesive Interactions Under Cold Spray Process, Thermal Spray 2003: Advancing the Science and Applying the Technology, C. Moreau and B. Marple, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 2003, p 27-35

  25. S.J. Bull and E.G. Berasetegui, An Overview of the Potential of Quantitative Coating Adhesion Measurement by Scratch Testing, Tribol. Int., 2006, 39, p 99-114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. N.M. Chavan and G. Sundararajan, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Hyderabad, India, 2009, unpublished work

  27. W.C. Oliver and G.M. Pharr, An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments, J. Mater. Res., 1992, 7(6), p 1564-1583

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Luo and R. Stevens, Porosity-Dependence of Elastic Moduli and Hardness of 3Y-TZP Ceramics, Ceram. Int., 1999, 25, p 281-286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. Nakamura, G. Qian, and C. Berndt, Effects of Pores on Mechanical Properties of Plasma-Spray Ceramic Coatings, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2000, 83(3), p 578-584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. F. Azarmi, T. Coyle, and J. Mostaghimi, Young’s Modulus Measurement and Study of the Relationship Between Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Air Plasma Sprayed Alloy 625, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2009, 23, p 1045-1054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. I. Sevostianov and M. Kachanov, Modelling of the Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings in Relation to Their Microstructure, Acta Mater., 2000, 48, p 1361-1370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. Landa, F. Kroupa, K. Neufuss, and P. Urbanek, Effect of Uniaxial Pressure on Ultrasound Velocities and Elastic Moduli in Plasma-Sprayed Ceramics, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2003, 12(2), p 226-233

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. R. McPherson, A Model for the Thermal Conductivity of Plasma-Sprayed Ceramic Coatings, Thin Solid Films, 1984, 112, p 89-95

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Boire-Lavigne, C. Moreau, and R.G. Saint-Jacques, The Relationship Between the Microstructure and Thermal Diffusivity of Plasma-Sprayed Tungsten Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1995, 4(3), p 261-267

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. I. Sevostianov and M. Kachanov, Plasma-Sprayed Ceramic Coatings: Anisotropic Elastic and Conductive Properties in Relation to the Microstructure, Cross-Property Correlation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 297, p 235-243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. F. Cardarelli, Materials Hand Book, 2nd ed., Springer, 1999, p 101-123, 179-186, 187-196, 393-400

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. Sundararajan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sundararajan, G., Chavan, N.M., Sivakumar, G. et al. Evaluation of Parameters for Assessment of Inter-Splat Bond Strength in Cold-Sprayed Coatings. J Therm Spray Tech 19, 1255–1266 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-010-9527-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-010-9527-7

Keywords

Navigation