Abstract
Besides the major and widespread use of laccases in bioremediation of dyes and many other toxic chemical wastes, there is an increasing interest towards their exploitation in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass in frame with the biorefinery concept. Biochemical conversion of lignocelluloses includes three major steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Laccases find application in the pretreatment phase since they are effective both in removing/modifying the lignin polymer and in reducing the amount of phenolic compounds of already pretreated lignocellulosic materials. As a fact, pretreatment steps often release some biomass-derived products inhibiting both enzymes involved in saccharification and microorganisms used for the fermentation. Together with detoxification processes, laccases can be used for delignification of lignocellulosic biomasses thanks to their direct action on phenolic units of lignin polymer. Laccase-based pretreatments avoid sugars degradation, thanks to the mild conditions of reaction. Conversely, the hard conditions usually adopted for chemical-physical pretreatments, cause sugars degradation. Furthermore, laccase effect in delignification is improved by the use of mediator compounds which allow enzyme to oxidize both phenolic and non-phenolic component of lignin moieties, producing an extensive cleavage of covalent bonds in lignin. A survey of uses of laccase in lignocellulosic waste valorization is offered in this chapter with the aim to underline their potential. Indeed, applications of laccases in the valuable conversion of different wastes have been deeply described, focusing on available examples of laccase integration in biorefineries.
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Giacobbe, S., Pezzella, C., Sannia, G., Piscitelli, A. (2020). Old Enzymes at the Forefront of Lignocellulosic Waste Valorization. In: Schlosser, D. (eds) Laccases in Bioremediation and Waste Valorisation. Microbiology Monographs, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47906-0_3
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