Abstract
The paper is devoted to gradient damage models which allow us to describe all the process of degradation of a body including the nucleation of cracks and their propagation. The construction of such model follows the variational approach to fracture and proceeds into two stages: (1) definition of the energy; (2) formulation of the damage evolution problem. The total energy of the body is defined in terms of the state variables which are the displacement field and the damage field in the case of quasi-brittle materials. That energy contains in particular gradient damage terms in order to avoid too strong damage localizations. The formulation of the damage evolution problem is then based on the concepts of irreversibility, stability and energy balance. That allows us to construct homogeneous as well as localized damage solutions in a closed form and to illustrate the concepts of loss of stability, of scale effects, of damage localization, and of structural failure. Moreover, the variational formulation leads to a natural numerical method based on an alternate minimization algorithm. Several numerical examples illustrate the ability of this approach to account for all the process of fracture including a 3D thermal shock problem where the crack evolution is very complex.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
In the thermal shock problem treated in the last section, the pre-strain is the thermal strain induced by the given temperature field which depends on time. Therefore, we will assume that \(\varvec{\varepsilon }^0\) is a given time-dependent field.
The continuity of \(\alpha '\) at \(x_{0}\pm D\) is obtained as a first order optimality condition on \({\mathcal{P}}(u,\alpha )\).
cracks being surfaces in dimension 3 and lines in dimension 2.
Denoting by \((r,\theta )\) the polar coordinates and \((e_1, e_2)\) the Cartesian unit vectors,
$${\bar{{\mathbf{U}}}} = \frac{K_I}{2\mu }\sqrt{\frac{r}{2\pi }}\left( \frac{3-\nu }{1+\nu }-\cos \theta \right) \left( \cos {({\theta }/{2})} e_1 + \sin ({\theta }/{2}) e_2\right),$$(86)where \(\mu\) is the shear modulus, and \(L_c\) is the length of the preexisting crack.
References
Alessi R, Marigo J-J, Vidoli S (2014) Nucleation of cohesive cracks in gradient damage models coupled with plasticity. Arch Ration Mech Anal 214:575–615
Alessi R, Marigo J-J, Vidoli S (2015) Gradient damage models coupled with plasticity: variational formulation and main properties. Mech Mater 80:351–367
Ambrosio L, Fusco N, Pallara D (2000) Functions of bounded variation and free discontinuity problems. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford
Amor H, Marigo J-J, Maurini C (2009) Regularized formulation of the variational brittle fracture with unilateral contact: numerical experiments. J Mech Phys Solids 57(8):1209–1229
Artina M, Fornasier M, Micheletti S, Perotto S (2015) Anisotropic mesh adaptation for crack detection in brittle materials. SIAM J Sci Comput 37(4):B633–B659
Bahr HA, Fischer G, Weiss HJ (1986) Thermal-shock crack patterns explained by single and multiple crack propagation. J Mater Sci 21:2716–2720
Balay S, Abhyankar S, Adams MF, Brown J, Brune P, Buschelman K, Eijkhout V, Gropp WD, Kaushik D, Knepley MG, McInnes LC, Rupp K, Smith BF, Zhang H (2014) PETSc users manual. Technical Report ANL-95/11—Revision 3.5, Argonne National Laboratory
Benallal A, Billardon R, Geymonat G (1993) Bifurcation and localization in rate independent materials. In: Nguyen Q (ed), C.I.S.M lecture notes on bifurcation and stability of dissipative systems, vol 327 of international centre for mechanical sciences, pp 1–44. Springer (1993)
Benallal A, Marigo J-J (2007) Bifurcation and stability issues in gradient theories with softening. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 15:S283–S295
Borden MJ, Verhoosel CV, Scott MA, Hughes TJ, Landis CM (2012) A phase-field description of dynamic brittle fracture. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 217–220:77–95
Bourdin B (2007) Numerical implementation of the variational formulation of quasi-static brittle fracture. Interfaces Free Bound 9:411–430
Bourdin B, Francfort G, Marigo J-J (2000) Numerical experiments in revisited brittle fracture. J Mech Phys Solids 48:797–826
Bourdin B, Marigo J-J, Maurini C, Sicsic P (2014) Morphogenesis and propagation of complex cracks induced by thermal shocks. Phys Rev Lett 112(1):014301
Braides A (1998) Approximation of free-discontinuity problems. Lecture notes in Mathematics. Springer, Berlin
Comi C (1999) Computational modelling of gradient-enhanced damage in quasi-brittle materials. Mech Cohes Frict Mater 4(1):17–36
Comi C, Perego U (2001) Fracture energy based bi-dissipative damage model for concrete. Int J Solids Struct 38(36–37):6427–6454
Farrell P, Maurini C (2016) Linear and nonlinear solvers for variational phase-field models of brittle fracture. Int J Numer Methods Eng. doi:10.1002/nme.5300
Farrell P, Maurini C (2016) Solvers for variational damage and fracture. https://bitbucket.org/pefarrell/varfrac-solvers
Francfort G, Marigo J-J (1998) Revisiting brittle fracture as an energy minimization problem. J Mech Phys Solids 46(8):1319–1342
Freddi F, Royer-Carfagni G (2010) Regularized variational theories of fracture: a unified approach. J Mech Phys Solids 58:1154–1174
Geyer J, Nemat-Nasser S (1982) Experimental investigations of thermally induced interacting cracks in brittle solids. Int J Solids Struct 18(4):137–356
Giacomini A (2005) Ambrosio–Tortorelli approximation of quasi-static evolution of brittle fractures. Calc Var Partial Differ Equ 22:129–172
Hakim V, Karma A (2009) Laws of crack motion and phase-field models of fracture. J Mech Phys Solids 57:342–368
Hossain M, Hsueh C-J, Bourdin B, Bhattacharya K (2014) Effective toughness of heterogeneous media. J Mech Phys Solids 71:15–32
Karma A, Kessler DA, Levine H (2001) Phase-field model of mode iii dynamic fracture. Phys Rev Lett 87:045501
Kuhn C, Müller R (2010) A continuum phase field model for fracture. Eng Fract Mech 77(18):3625–3634 (Computational mechanics in fracture and damage: a special issue in Honor of Prof. Gross)
Lancioni G, Royer-Carfagni G (2009) The variational approach to fracture mechanics. A practical application to the French Panthéon in Paris. J Elast 95:1–30
Li B, Peco C, Millán D, Arias I, Arroyo M (2014) Phase-field modeling and simulation of fracture in brittle materials with strongly anisotropic surface energy. Int J Numer Methods Eng 102(3–4):711–727
Logg A, Mardal K-A, Wells G N et al (2012) Automated solution of differential equations by the finite element method. Springer, Berlin
Lorentz E, Andrieux S (2003) Analysis of non-local models through energetic formulations. Int J Solids Struct 40:2905–2936
Marigo J-J (1989) Constitutive relations in plasticity, damage and fracture mechanics based on a work property. Nucl Eng Design 114:249–272
Maurini C (2013) Fenics codes for variational damage and fracture. https://bitbucket.org/cmaurini/varfrac_for_cism
Miehe C, Hofacker M, Welschinger F (2010) A phase field model for rate-independent crack propagation: robust algorithmic implementation based on operator splits. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 199(45–48):2765–2778
Mumford D, Shah J (1989) Optimal approximations by piecewise smooth functions and associated variational problems. Commun Pure Appl Math 42:577–685
Peerlings R, de Borst R, Brekelmans W, de Vree J, Spee I (1996) Some observations on localisation in non-local and gradient damage models. Eur J Mech A Solids 15:937–953
Peerlings R, de Borst R, Brekelmans W, Geers M (1998) Gradient-enhanced damage modelling of concrete fracture. Mech Cohes Frict Mater 3:323–342
Pham K, Amor H, Marigo J-J, Maurini C (2011) Gradient damage models and their use to approximate brittle fracture. Int J Damage Mech 20(4):618–652
Pham K, Marigo J-J (2010) Approche variationnelle de l’endommagement: I. les concepts fondamentaux. Comptes Rendus Mécanique 338(4):191–198
Pham K, Marigo J-J (2010) Approche variationnelle de l’endommagement: II. Les modèles à gradient. Comptes Rendus Mécanique 338(4):199–206
Pham K, Marigo J-J (2013) From the onset of damage until the rupture: construction of the responses with damage localization for a general class of gradient damage models. Continuum Mech Thermodyn 25(2–4):147–171
Pham K, Marigo J-J (2013) Stability of homogeneous states with gradient damage models: size effects and shape effects in the three-dimensional setting. J Elast 110(1):63–93 (Isiweb)
Pham K, Marigo J-J, Maurini C (2011) The issues of the uniqueness and the stability of the homogeneous response in uniaxial tests with gradient damage models. J Mech Phys Solids 59(6):1163–1190 (Isiweb)
Pons A, Karma A (2010) Helical crack-front instability in mixed mode fracture. Nature 464:85–89
Schlüter A, Willenbücher A, Kuhn C, Müller R (2014) Phase field approximation of dynamic brittle fracture. Comput Mech 54:1141
Shao Y, Xu X, Meng S, Bai G, Jiang C, Song F (2010) Crack patterns in ceramic plates after quenching. J Am Ceram Soc 93(10):3006–3008
Sicsic P, Marigo J-J (2013) From gradient damage laws to Griffith’s theory of crack propagation. J Elast 113(1):55–74
Sicsic P, Marigo J-J, Maurini C (2014) Initiation of a periodic array of cracks in the thermal shock problem: a gradient damage modeling. J Mech Phys Solids 63:256–284
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marigo, JJ., Maurini, C. & Pham, K. An overview of the modelling of fracture by gradient damage models. Meccanica 51, 3107–3128 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-016-0538-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-016-0538-4