Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year. The use of synthetic insecticides to control vector mosquitoes has caused physiological resistance and adverse environmental effects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of synthesized natural products for vector control have been a priority in this area. In the present study, the activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Murraya koenigii plant leaf extract against first to fourth instars larvae and pupae of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti was determined. Range of concentrations of synthesized AgNPs (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) and ethanol leaf extract (50, 200, 350, 500, and 650 ppm) were tested against the larvae of A. stephensi and A. aegypti. The synthesized AgNPs from M. koenigii leaf were highly toxic than crude leaf ethanol extract in both mosquito species. The results were recorded from UV–Vis spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous extract of synthesized AgNPs for 24 h. The maximum mortality was observed in synthesized AgNPs, and ethanol leaf extract of M. koenigii against A. stephensi had LC50 values of 10.82, 14.67, 19.13, 24.35, and 32.09 ppm and 279.33, 334.61, 406.95, 536.11, and 700.16 ppm and LC90 values of 32.38, 42.52, 53.65, 63.51, and 75.26 ppm and 737.37, 843.84, 907.67, 1,187.62, and 1,421.13 ppm. A. aegypti had LC50 values of 13.34, 17.19, 22.03, 27.57, and 34.84 ppm and 314.29, 374.95, 461.01, 606.50, and 774.01 ppm and LC90 values of 36.98, 47.67, 55.95, 67.36, and 77.72 ppm and 777.32, 891.16, 1,021.90, 1,273.06, and 1,509.18 ppm, respectively. These results suggest that the use of M. koenigii synthesized silver nanoparticles can be a rapid, environmentally safer biopesticide which can form a novel approach to develop effective biocides for controlling the target vector mosquitoes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of insecticides. J Eco Ento 18:265–267
Agalya Priyadarshini K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Ponarulselvam S, Hwang J-S, Nicoletti M (2012) Biolarvicidal and pupicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Euphorbia hirta against Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111:997–1006
Ahmad A, Mukherjee P, Mandal D, Senapati S, Khan MI, Kumar R, Sastry M (2003) Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 28:313–318
Ahmad N, Sharma S, Alam MK, Singh VN, Shamsi SF, Mehta BR, Fatma A (2010) Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried medicinal plant of basil. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 81:81–86
Alder HL, Rossler EB (1977) Introduction to probability and statistics (sixth edition). Freeman, San Francisco, p 246
Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006a) Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol Res 99:466–472
Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006b) Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 99:478–490
Anonymous (1962) The wealth of India: the raw materials, vol VI. CSIR, Brummeria, pp 446–48
Anyaele OO, Amusan AAS (2003) Toxicity of hexanoic extracts of Dennettia tripetala (G. Baxer) on larvae of Aedes aegypti (L). Afr J Biomed Res 6:49–53
Ascher KRS, Schmutterer H, Zebitz CPW, Naqvi SNH (1995) The Persian lilac or chinaberry tree: Melia azedarach L. In: Schmutterer H (ed) The neem tree: source of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine, industry and other purposes. VCH, Weinheim, pp 605–642
Benn T, Westerhoff P (2008) Nanoparticle silver released into water from commercially available sock fabrics. Environ Sci Technol 42:4133–4139
Burfield T, Reekie SL (2005) Mosquitoes, malaria and essential oils. Int J Aroma 15:30–41
Chen L, Evans JR (2009) Arched structures created by colloidal droplets as they dry. Langmuir 25:11299–11301
Cho K, Park J, Osaka T, Park S (2005) The study of antimicrobial activity and preservative effects of nanosilver ingredient. Electrochim Acta 51:956–960
Desai ST (2002) Potency of larvicidal properties of plant extracts against mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions (M.Sc. Dissertation submitted to Mumbai University, Mumbai, India)
Duran N, Marcato PD, Alves OL, Souza GI, Esposito E (2005) Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains. J Nanobiotechnol 13:3–8
Elechiguerra JL, Burt JL, Morones JR, Camacho-Bragado A, Gao X, Lara HH, Yacaman JM (2005) Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnol 29:3–6
Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis. Cambridge University, London, pp 68–78
Govindarajan M, Jebanesan A, Pushpanathan T (2008) Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Cassia fistula Linn. leaf extract against filarial and malarial vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 102(2):289–292
Gubler DJ (1998) Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:480–96
Gubler DJ (2002) Epidemic dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century. Trends Microbiol 10:1–4
Guzman MG, Kouri G (2002) Dengue: an update. Lancet Infect Dis 2:33–42
Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H et al (2010) Dengue: a continuing global threat. Nat Rev Microbiol 8:S7–16
Harve G, Kamath V (2004) Larvicidal activity of plant extracts used alone and in combination with known synthetic larvicidal agents against Aedes aegypti. Ind J Exp Biol 42(12):1216–1219
Hiremath SM, Madalageri BB, Basarkar PW (1998) Composition of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii Spreng) oil during leaf growth. Indian Perfum 42:58–59
Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, Lu Y, Su Y, Yang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Shao W, He N, Hong J, Chen C (2007) Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnology 18:105104
Jill BP (1993) Pesticidal compounds from higher plants. Pestic Sci 39:95–102
Joshi V, Singhi M, Chaudhary RC (1996) Transovarial transmission of dengue 3 virus by Aedes aegypti. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90:643–4
Kirthi AV, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C, Velayutham K (2011) Acaricidal, pediculocidal and larvicidal activity of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using wet chemical route against blood feeding parasites. Parasitol Res 109:461–472
Kovendan K, Murugan K (2011) Effect of medicinal plants on the mosquito vectors from the different agro-climatic regions of Tamil Nadu, India. Adv Environ Biol 5(2):335–344
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Kamalakannan S (2011) Larvicidal efficacy of Jatropha curcas and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, against lymphatic filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 109:1251–1257
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Barnard DR (2012a) Studies on larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Leucas aspera Willd. (Lamiaceae) and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:195–203
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S (2012b) Evaluation of larvicidal activity of Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi, dengue vector, Aedes aegypti and Bancroftian filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:571–581
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Naresh Kumar A, Vincent S, Hwang JS (2012c) Bio-efficacy of larvicdial and pupicidal properties of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, spinosad against chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:669–678
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Mahesh Kumar P, Amerasan D, Subramaniam J, Vincent S, Barnard DR (2012d) Laboratory and field evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:2105–2115
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Prasanna Kumar K, Panneerselvam C, Mahesh Kumar P, Amerasan D, Subramaniam J, Vincent (2012e) Mosquitocidal properties of Calotropis gigantea (Family: Asclepiadaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis against the mosquito vectors. Parasitol Res 111:531–544
Kovendan K, Arivoli S, Maheshwaran R, Baskar K, Vincent S (2012f) Larvicidal efficacy of Sphaeranthus indicus, Cleistanthus collinus and Murraya koenigii leaf extracts against filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111:1025–1035
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Shanthakumar SP, Vincent S (2012g) Larvicidal activity of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) (Family: Rubiaceae) leaf extract against Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. Parasitol Res 111:1481–1490
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Barnard DR (2012h) Mosquito larvicidal properties of Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen. (Labiatae) against mosquito vectors, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Med 5(4):299–305
Kovendan K, Murugan K, Vincent S, Barnard DR (2012i) Efficacy of larvicidal and pupicidal properties of Acalypha alnifolia Klein ex Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae). J Biopest 5:170–176
Krishnaraj C, Jagan EG, Rajasekar S, Selvakumar P, Kalaichelvan PT, Mohan N (2010) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 76:50–56
Kumar V, Yadav SK (2009) Plant-mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their applications. J ChemTechnol Biotechnol 84:151–157
Kumar V, Yadav SC, Yadav SK (2010) Syzygium cumini leaf and seed extract mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their characterization. J Chem Technol & Biotech 85:1301–1309
Kundu S, Mandal M, Ghosh SK, Pal T (2004) Photochemical deposition of SERS active silver nanoparticles on silica gel. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 162:625–663
Lima MG, Maia IC, Sousa BD, Morais SM, Freitas SM (2006) Effect of stalk and leaf extracts from Euphorbiaceae species on Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 48(4):21–214
Mahesh Kumar P, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Subramaniam J, Amerasan D (2012) Mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum (Family: Solanaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110:2541–2550
Mahitha B, Deva Prasad Raju B, Dillip GR, Madhukar Reddy C, Mallikarjuna K, Manoj L, Priyanka S, Jayantha Rao K, John Sushma N (2011) Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of AgNPs extract from Bacopa monniera whole plant. Dig J Nanomat Biostruct 6(1):135–142
Manusadzianas L, Grigutyt R, Jurkonien S, Karitonas R, Sadauskas K, Férard JF, Cotelle S, Foucaud L (2009) Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota. METZ ISTA 14(VIII):30–IX 04
Marimuthu S, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A, Zahir AA, Elango G, Kamaraj C (2011) Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites. Parasitol Res 10:2212–2224
Mathivanan T, Govindarajan M, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Ananthan A (2010) Mosquito larvicidal and phytochemical properties of Ervatamia coronaria Stapf. (Family: Apocynaceae). J Vector Borne Dis 47:178–180
Mittal PK, Adak T, Subbarao SK (2005) Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus toxins in a laboratory selected strain of An. stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) and its response to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. Curr Sci 89:442–443
Morais SM, Cavalcanti ES, Bertini LM, Oliveira CL, Rodrigues JR, Cardoso JH (2006) Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian Croton species against Aedes aegypti L. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22(1):161–164
Natarajan K, Selvaraj S, Murty VR (2010) Microbial production of silver nanoparticle. Digest J Nanomat and Biostruct 5:135–140
Noginov MA, Zhu G, Bahoura M, Adegoke J, Small C, Ritzo BA, Drachev VP, Shalaev VM (2006) The effect of gain and absorption on surface plasmon in metal nanoparticles. Appl Phys B 86:458–460
Oliveira-Filho EC, Paumgartten FJ (2000) Toxicity of Euphorbia milii latex and niclosamide to snails and nontarget aquatic species. Ecotox Environ Safe 46:342–350
Panneerselvam C, Ponarulselvam S, Murugan K (2011) Potential anti-plasmodial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticle using Andrographis paniculata Nees (Acanthaceae). Arch Appl Sci Res 3(6):208–217
Peng Z, Beckett AN, Engler RJ, Hoffman DR, Ott NL, Simons FER (2004) Immune responses to mosquito saliva in 14 individuals with acute systemic allergic reactions to mosquito bites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:1189–1194
Ponarulselvam S, Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Aarthi N, Kalimuthu K, Thangamani S (2012) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn G. Don and their antiplasmodial activities. Asian-Pacific J Trop Biomed 2(7):574–580
Raina VK, Lal RK, Tripathi S, Khan M, Syamasundar KV, Srivastava SK (2002) Essential oil composition of genetically diverse stocks of Murraya koenigii from India. Flav Frag J 17:144–46
Rajkumar G, Rahuman AA (2011) Larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Ecliptaprostrata leaf extract against filariasis and malaria vector. Acta Trop. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.003
Raut RW, Niranjan S, Kolekar Jaya R, Lakkakula Vijay D, Mendhulkar SB, Kashid (2010) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried leaves of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre. Nano Micro Lett 2:106–113
Safaepour M, Shahverdi AR, Shahverdi HR, Khorramizadeh MR, Gohari AR (2009) Green synthesis of small silver nanoparticles using geraniol and its cytotoxicity against Fibrosarcoma-Wehi 164. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 1:111–115
Salunkhe RB, Patil SV, Patil CD, Salunke BK (2011) Larvicidal potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungus Cochliobolus lunatus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera; Culicidae). Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2328-10
Sap-Iam N, Homklinchan C, Larpudomlert R, Warisnoicharoen W, Sereemaspun A, Dubas ST (2010) UV irradiation induced silver nanoparticles as mosquito larvicides. J Applied Sci 10(23):3132–3136, ISSN 1812–5654
Sathyavathi R, Balamurali Krishna M, Venugopal Rao S, Saritha R, Narayana Rao D (2010) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaf extract and their application in nonlinear optics. Adv Sci Lett 3:1–6
Senthilkumar N, Varma P, Gurusubramanian G (2009) Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal plants against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Parasitol Res 104:237–244
Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M (2004) Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interface Sci 275:496–502
Shrivastava S, Dash D (2010) Label-free colorimetric estimation of proteins using nanoparticles of silver. Nano-Micro Lett 2:164–168
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI (2005) The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434(7030):214–217
Song JY, Kim BS (2009) Rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 32:79–84
Soni N, Prakash S (2012) Efficacy of fungus mediated silver and gold nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti larvae. Parasitol Res 110:175–184
Stuart BH (2002) Polymer analysis. John Wiley & Sons, United Kingdom
Thenmozhi V, Tewari SC, Manavalan R, Balasubramanian A, Gajanana A (2000) Natural vertical transmission of dengue viruses in Aedes aegypti in southern India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94:507
Trpis M, Hausermann W (1978) Genetics of house-entering behaviour in East African populations of Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) and its relevance to speciation. Bull Entomol Res 8:521–32
Turney K, Drake TJ, Smith JE, Tan W, Harriso WW (2004) Functionalized nanoparticles for liquid atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization peptide analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:2367–2374
Walde GS, Joythirmay T, Rao PGP, Shivaswamy R, Srinivas P (2005) Flavour volatiles of leaves, fruits and seed cotyledons of Murraya koenigii L. Flav Frag J 20:169–72
Wei H, Chen C, Han B, Wang E (2008) Enzyme colorimetric assay using unmodified silver nanoparticles. Anal Chem 80:7051–7055
WHO (1999) Prevention and control of dengue and DHF. WHO-SEARO Regional Publication 29
WHO (2007) Global plan to combat neglected tropical diseases 2008–2015. WHO/CDS/NTD/2007.40
WHO (2009) 10 facts on malaria. Available online, http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/
WHO (2010) World malaria report. “India.” Available online, http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_ind_en.pdf
Xu H, Käll M (2002) Morphology effects on the optical properties of silver nanoparticles. J Nano and Nanotech 4:254–259
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. K. Sasikala, Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India for the laboratory facilities provided.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suganya, A., Murugan, K., Kovendan, K. et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii leaf extract against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti . Parasitol Res 112, 1385–1397 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3269-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3269-z