Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Studies on larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Leucas aspera Willd. (Lamiaceae) and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus, against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Parasitology Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The efficacy of whole plant extracts of Leucas aspera and Bacillus sphaericus has been proven against larvicidal and pupicidal activities of the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. The present study investigated the larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the first to fourth instar lavae and pupae of the laboratory-reared mosquitoes, A. stephensi. The medicinal plants were collected from the area around Maruthamalai hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. L. aspera whole plant was washed with tap water and shade dried at room temperature. The dried plant materials were powdered by an electric blender. From the powder, 100 g of the plant materials was extracted with 300 ml of organic solvents of ethanol for 8 h using a Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered through a Buchner funnel with Whatman number 1 filter paper. The crude plant extracts were evaporated to dryness in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The plant extract showed larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 h of exposure. All larval instars and pupae have considerably moderate mortality; however, the highest larval mortality was the ethanolic extract of whole plant L. aspera against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae values of LC50 = I instar was 9.695%, II instar was 10.272%, III instar was 10.823%, and IV instar was 11.303%, and pupae was 12.732%. B. spaericus against the first to fouth instar larvae and pupae had the following values: I instar was 0.051%, II instar was 0.057%, III instar was 0.062%, IV instar was 0.066%, and for the pupae was 0.073%. No mortality was observed in the control. The present results suggest that the ethanolic extracts of L. aspera and B. sphaericus provided an excellent potential for controlling of malarial vector, A. stephensi.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Am Mosquito Contr 3:302–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Alder HL, Rossler EB (1977) Introduction to probability and statistics. Freeman, San Francisco, p 246

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagavan A, Abdul Rahuman A, Kamaraj C, Kaushik NK, Mohanakrishnan D, Sahal D (2011) Antiplasmodial activity of botanical extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res 108:1099–1109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann P, Clark MA, Baumann L, Broadwell AH (1991) Bacillus sphaericus as a mosquito pathogen: properties of the organism and its toxins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 55:425–436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower J, Chalk P (2003) The global threat of new and re-emerging infectious diseases: reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy. RAND Report MR-1602-RC. http://rand.org/publications/MR/MR1602. Accessed on 24th May 2009

  • Charles JF, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Delécluse A (1996) Bacillus sphaericus toxins: molecular biology and mode of action. Ann Rev Entomol 41:451–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee SK, Majumdar DN (1969) Chemical investigation of Leucas aspera. J Inst Chem 41:98–101

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhury NA, Ghosh D (1969) Insecticidal plants: chemical examination of Leucas aspera. J Indian Chem Soc 46:95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EW (1983) Alkaline extraction of toxin from spores of the mosquito pathogen Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593. Can J Microbiol 29:271–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Castro Litaiff Eleilza, Wanderli Pedro Tadei, Jorge Ivan Rebelo, Porto Ila Maria De, Aguiar Oliveira (2008) Analysis of toxicity on Bacillus sphaericus from amazonian soils to Anopheles darlingi and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Acta Amazonica 38(2):255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, London, pp 68–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajan M (2010) Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2224-0

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guenier V, Hochberg M, Gue’gan JF (2004) Ecology drives the worldwide distribution of human diseases. PLoS Biol 2:740–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Han B, Liu H, Xiaomin Hu, Yajun CD, Zheng ZY (2007) Molecular characterization of a glucokinase with broad hexose specificity from Bacillus sphaericus strain C3-41. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(11):3581–3586

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker JD (1984) The flora of British India. Muston, London, p 690

    Google Scholar 

  • Jang YS, Lim MK, Ahn YJ, Lee HS (2002) Larvicidal activity of Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). Agric Chem Biotechnol 45(3):131–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalachaveedu M, Ghosh A, Ranjan R, VedamVenkat K (2006) Volatile constituents of Leucas aspera (Willd.). J Essent Oil Res 18:104–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalfon A, Charles JF, Bourgouin C, de Barjac H (1984) Sporulation of Bacillus sphaericus 2297: an electron microscope study of crystal like inclusion, biogenesis and toxicity to mosquito larvae. J Gen Microbiol 130:893–900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamaraj C, Abdul Rahuman A, Bagavan A, Jamal Mohamed M, Elango G, Rajakumar G, Abduz Zahir A, Santhoshkumar T, Marimuthu S (2010) Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude extracts of Melia azedarach against Haemonchus contortus (Strongylida). Parasitol Res 106:1071–1077

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamat M, Singh TP (1994) Preliminary chemical examination of some compounds in the different parts of the genus Leucas. Geobios 21:31–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karunamoorthi K, Bekele M (2009) Prevalence of malaria from peripheral blood smears examination: a 1-year retrospective study from the Serbo Health Center, Kersa Woreda, Ethiopia. J Infect Pub Health 2(4):171–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K (2010) Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 106:1217–1223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khaleque A, Huq ME, Huq MS, Mansoor MH (1970) Chemical investigations on Leucas aspera. I. Isolation of compound-A, 3-sitosterol and et-sitosterol from the aerial parts. Scientific Res 7:125–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1975) Indian medicinal plants. Periodical Experts, New Delhi, pp 2019–2020

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1990) “Indian medicinal plants” (Ed) Bidtter, E, Caius JF, Mhaskar KS 2019. Periodical Expert’s Book Company

  • Kovendan K, Murugan K (2011) Effect of medicinal plants on the mosquito vectors from the different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu, India. J Adv in Environ Biol 5(2):335–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert PH (2005) Malaria: past and present. http://nobelprize.org/medicine/ educational/malaria; [Accessed on April 24, 2009]

  • Maheswaran R, Sathis S, Ignacimuthu S (2008) Larvicidal activity of Leucus aspera (Willd.) against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. and Aedes aegypti L.. Int Journal of Int Biol 2(3):214–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangathayaru K, Thirumurugan D, Patel PS, Pratap DV, David DJ, Karthikeyan J (2006) Isolation and identification of nicotine from leucas aspera (willd). Indian J Pharm Sci 68:88–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew N, Anitha MG, Bala TSL, Sivakumar SM, Narmadha R, Kalyanasundaram M (2009) Larvicidal activity of Saraca indica, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, and Clitoria ternatea extracts against three mosquito vector species. Parasitol Res 104:1017–1025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch MV (1990) Evaluation of Bacillus sphaericus against Culex quinquefasciatus in septic ditches. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 6:496–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittal PK, Adak T, Subbarao SK (2005) Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus toxins in a laboratory selected strain of A. stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) and its response to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. Curr Sci 89:442–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Murugan K, Jayabalan D (1999) Effect of certain plant extracts against the mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston. Curr Sci 769(5):631–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthukrishnan J, Pusphalatha H, Kasthuribhai (1997) Biological effects of four plant extracts on Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Insect Sci Appli 17(3/4):389–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi RW, Rembold H (1998) Growth inhibiting and larvicidal effects of Melia volkensii extracts on Aedes aegypti larvae. Entomol Exp Appl 46:103–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pei G, Oliveira CMF, Yuan Z, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Silva-Filha MH, Yan J, Regis L (2002) A strain of Bacillus sphaericus caused slower development of resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:3003–3009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poopathi S, Tyagi BK (2002) Studies on Bacillus sphaericus toxicity related resistance development and biology in the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from South India. Appl Entomol Zool 37:365–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter AG, Davidson EW, Wei-liu J (1993) Mosquitocidal toxins and their genetic manipulation for effective biological control of mosquitoes. Microbiology 57:838–861

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy KM, Viswanathan S, Thirungnanasabanathan D, Santa R, Lalitha K (1993) Analgesic activity of Leucus aspera. Fiterapia 64:151–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiter P (2008) Global warming and malaria: knowing the horse before hitching the cart. Mal J 11(7 Suppl 1):S3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodeharoen J, Mulla MS (1991) Resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus to Bacillus sphaericus: an annual report. University of California, Riverside

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues IB, Tadei WP, Dias JMCS (1998) Studies on the Bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity against malaria vector species in Amazonia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93:441–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadhu SK, Okuyama E, Fujimoto H, Ishibashi M (2003) Separation of Leucus aspera, a medicinal plant of Bangladesh, guided by prostaglandin inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 51:595–598

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadhu SK, Okuyama E, Fujimoto H, Ishibashi M (2006) Diterpenes from Leucas aspera inhibiting prostaglandin-induced contractions. J Nat Prod 69:988–994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakthivel M, Daniel T (2008) Evaluation of certain insecticidal plants for the control of vector mosquitos’ viz., Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Appl Entomol Zool 43(1):57–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samidurai K, Saravanakumar A (2011) Mosquitocidal properties of nereistoxin against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2353-0

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh G (2008) Study on the systematics of semi-arid zone mosquitoes and screening them for resistance to selected larvicides. PhD Thesis submitted to Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India

  • Singh G, Prakash S (2008) Ultrastructure of wing scales in adult mammophilic vector Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus (Say) in a semi-arid zone. J Entomol Res Soc 10:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh G, Prakash S (2009) Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus against larvae of malaria and filarial vectors: an analysis of early resistance detection. Parasitol Res 104:763–766

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Souza AE, Rajan V, Jayaraman K (1988) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of two DNA fragments from Bacillus sphaericus encoding mosquito-larvicidal activity. J Biotechnol 7:71–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel (1978) Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. The English Language Book Society and Longman, London, p 1368

  • Vyas N, Dua KK, Prakash S (2007) Efficacy of Lagenidium giganteum metabolites on mosquito larvae with reference to nontarget organisms. Parasitol Res 101:385–390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth MC, Yang Y, Walton WE, Federici BA (2001) Evaluation of alternative resistance management strategies for Bacillus sphaericus. Mosquito Control Research, Annual Report. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California

  • World Health Organization (1999) Malaria Fact Sheet. No. 94 Geneva: World Health Organization at http:/www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact 094.html

  • World Health Organization (2007) Global plan to combat neglected tropical diseases 2008–2015. WHO/CDS/NTD/2007.40

  • Yousten AA, Wallis DA (1987) Batch and continuous culture production of the mosquito larval toxin of Bacillus sphaericus 2362. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2:277–283

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India and Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology (TNSCST), Chennai, Tamil Nadu for providing financial support for the present work. The authors are grateful to Dr. K. Sasikala, Professor and Head, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University for the laboratory facilities provided.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kalimuthu Kovendan & Kadarkarai Murugan

  2. Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, DOTE Campus, Guindy, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India

    Savariar Vincent

  3. Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA

    Donald R. Barnard

Authors
  1. Kalimuthu Kovendan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kadarkarai Murugan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Savariar Vincent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Donald R. Barnard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kalimuthu Kovendan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kovendan, K., Murugan, K., Vincent, S. et al. Studies on larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Leucas aspera Willd. (Lamiaceae) and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus, against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 110, 195–203 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2469-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2469-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation