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Assessment of successful experiments and limitations of phytotechnologies: contaminant uptake, detoxification and sequestration, and consequences for food safety

  • COST ACTION 859 • PHYTOREMEDIATION • REVIEW ARTICLE
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

The term “phytotechnologies” refers to the application of science and engineering to provide solutions involving plants, including phytoremediation options using plants and associated microbes to remediate environmental compartments contaminated by trace elements (TE) and organic xenobiotics (OX). An extended knowledge of the uptake, translocation, storage, and detoxification mechanisms in plants, of the interactions with microorganisms, and of the use of “omic” technologies (functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), combined with genetic analysis and plant improvement, is essential to understand the fate of contaminants in plants and food, nonfood and technical crops. The integration of physicochemical and biological understanding allows the optimization of these properties of plants, making phytotechnologies more economically and socially attractive, decreasing the level and transfer of contaminants along the food chain and augmenting the content of essential minerals in food crops. This review will disseminate experience gained between 2004 and 2009 by three working groups of COST Action 859 on the uptake, detoxification, and sequestration of pollutants by plants and consequences for food safety. Gaps between scientific approaches and lack of understanding are examined to suggest further research and to clarify the current state-of-the-art for potential end-users of such green options.

Conclusion and perspectives

Phytotechnologies potentially offer efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for cleanup of contaminated soil and water, improvement of food safety, carbon sequestration, and development of renewable energy sources, all of which contribute to sustainable land use management. Information has been gained at more realistic exposure levels mainly on Cd, Zn, Ni, As, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and herbicides with less on other contaminants. A main goal is a better understanding, at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels, of mechanisms and their regulation related to uptake–exclusion, apoplastic barriers, xylem loading, efflux–influx of contaminants, root-to-shoot transfer, concentration and chemical speciation in xylem/phloem, storage, detoxification, and stress tolerance for plants and associated microbes exposed to contaminants (TE and OX). All remain insufficiently understood especially in the case of multiple-element and mixed-mode pollution. Research must extend from model species to plants of economic importance and include interactions between plants and microorganisms. It remains a major challenge to create, develop, and scale up phytotechnologies to market level and to successfully deploy these to ameliorate the environment and human health.

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Abbreviations

ABC transporter:

ATP-binding cassette transporters

ATM:

the ABC transporters of the mitochondria

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

APX:

ascorbate peroxidase

AsA:

(reduced) ascorbate

ASR:

As(V) reductase

CAT:

catalase

CDF:

cation diffusion facilitators

DHAR:

dehydroascorbate reductase

CYPs:

cytochrome P450

EB:

endophytic bacteria

GAPDH:

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GPx:

glutathione peroxidase

GR:

glutathione reductase

GSH:

(reduced) glutathione

GST:

glutathione S-transferase

GT:

glutathione transferase

HMA:

heavy metal-transporting P1B-ATPases

IAA:

indole-3-acetic acid

MT:

metallothionein(s)

MRP:

multidrug resistance-associated proteins

MTP:

metal tolerance proteins

Nramp:

natural resistance-associated macrophage protein

“Omic”:

technologies including genomics, transcriptomics (gene expression profiling), proteomics, and metabolomics

p,p-DDE:

p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

PAH:

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PC:

phytochelatins

PCS:

phytochelatin synthase

PDR:

the pleiotropic drug resistance transporters

POD:

peroxidases

QTL:

quantitative trait loci

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

TNT:

trinitrotoluene

ZIP:

Zn transporter protein(s)

ZIF1:

zinc finger interacting protein

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all COST Action 859 members for their contribution to the network (all workshop proceedings are available at http://w3.gre.ac.uk/cost859/), especially to the working group coordinators and workshop organizing committees, and to COST, Brussels, Belgium. COST is financed by the European Commission, with the European Science Foundation as implementing agent. Dr. M. Mench thanks ADEME Department of Polluted Soils and Sites, Angers, France and Aquitaine Region Council, Bordeaux, France for the financial support. Thanks also to Pr. N.W. Lepp, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK and Dr. S. Trapp, Environment & Resources DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark for the relevant comments.

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  1. UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Ecologie des Communautés, Université Bordeaux 1, Bât B8 RdC Est, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France

    Michel Mench

  2. Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology (LBE), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel

  3. Department Microbe–Plant Interactions, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Peter Schroeder

  4. Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, CH-8046, Zurich, Switzerland

    Satish Gupta

  5. Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, PL-02787, Warsaw, Poland

    Stanislaw Gawronski

  6. Unité Technologies et Procédés Propres et Durables, DRC, INERIS, Parc Technologique ALATA BP2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France

    Valérie Bert

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  1. Michel Mench
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Correspondence to Michel Mench.

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Mench, M., Schwitzguébel, JP., Schroeder, P. et al. Assessment of successful experiments and limitations of phytotechnologies: contaminant uptake, detoxification and sequestration, and consequences for food safety. Environ Sci Pollut Res 16, 876–900 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0252-z

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