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Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design, Formulation and Physicochemical Stability

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Abstract

The convergence of advanced understanding of biology with chemistry has led to a resurgence in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), especially with two recent product approvals. Design and development of ADCs requires the synergistic combination of the monoclonal antibody, the linker and the payload. Advances in antibody science has enabled identification and generation of high affinity, highly selective, humanized or human antibodies for a given target. Novel linker technologies have been synthesized and highly potent cytotoxic drug payloads have been created. As the first generation of ADCs utilizing lysine and cysteine chemistries moves through the clinic and into commercialization, second generation ADCs involving site specific conjugation technologies are being evaluated and tested. The latter aim to be better characterized and controlled, with wider therapeutic indices as well as improved pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) profiles. ADCs offer some interesting physicochemical properties, due to conjugation itself, and to the (often) hydrophobic payloads that must be considered during their CMC development. New analytical methodologies are required for the ADCs, supplementing those used for the antibody itself. Regulatory filings will be a combination of small molecule and biologics. The regulators have put forth some broad principles but this landscape is still evolving.

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Abbreviations

AcBut:

4-(4′-acetylphenoxy) butanoic acid

AcPAc:

3-acetylphenyl acetic acid

ADA:

Anti-drug antibody

ADC:

Antibody-drug conjugate

ADCC:

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

AF:

Auristatin F

AUC:

Area under the curve

bac:

Bromoacetamido moiety

BLA:

Biologics License Application

C2-keto-Gal:

2-acetonyl-2-deoxy-galactose

Calich:

N-acetyl gamma calicheamicin

CD:

Circular dichroism spectroscopy

CDC:

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary cells

DAR:

Drug antibody ratio

DM:

Disulfide-containing maytansinoids

DMA:

Dimethyl acid linker

DMH:

Dimethyl hydrazide linker precursor

Doe:

Dolaphenine

DP:

Drug product

DS:

Drug substance

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

DSI:

Drug substance intermediate

DTNB:

Dithionitrobenzoate

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESI-MS:

Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

EVA:

Ethylvinyl acetate

Fab:

Fragment antigen-binding

FcRn:

Neonatal Fc receptor for IgG

FcγR:

Fc gamma receptor for IgG

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GalNAz:

N-acetyl-azido-galactosamine

GlcNAc:

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

HAHA:

Human antibody-human antibody immune response

HC:

Heavy chain of IgG

HDPE:

High density polyethylene

HIC:

Hydrophobic interaction chromatography

HIPS:

Hydrazine-iso-Pictet-Spengler ligation

huFcγR:

Human Fc gamma receptor for IgG

IND:

Investigational New Drug

IV:

Intravenous

LC:

Light chain of IgG

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

MALDI-TOF:

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight

mc:

Maleimidocaproyl linker

MCC:

[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

MMAD:

Monomethyl auristatin D

MMAE:

Monomethyl auristatin E

MMAF:

Monomethyl auristatin F

mTG:

Microbial enzyme transglutaminase

MTX:

Methotrexate

nAF:

Oxyamine-auristatin F containing a short polyethylene glycol spacer

NEM:

N-ethylmaleimide

nnAA:

Non-native amino acids

OBP:

Office of Biotechnology Products

ONDQA:

Office of New Drug Quality Assessment

pabc:

p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl

pAcPhe:

p-acetylphenylalanine

PBD:

Pyrrolobenzodiazepine

PD:

Pharmacodynamics

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PETG:

Polyethylene terephthalate glycol

PK-PD:

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

RP-HPLC:

Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

scFv:

Single-chain variable fragment

SEC-HPLC:

Size exclusion column high performance liquid chromatography

SMCC:

Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

SPDP:

N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate

TCEP:

Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine

TDC:

THIOMAB drug conjugate

T-DM1:

Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla)

UF/DF:

Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration

vc:

Valine-citrulline cleavable linker

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLOSURES

All authors are employees of Pfizer, Inc and hold financial interest in Pfizer, Inc. We acknowledge Sandeep Kumar of Pfizer for the model in Fig. 1 and to our many colleagues in Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Science who helped review the manuscript.

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    1. Pfizer, Inc., Pharmaceutical R&D, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA

      Satish K. Singh

    2. Pfizer, Inc., Pharmaceutical R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Bldg. K, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA

      Donna L. Luisi & Roger H. Pak

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    1. Satish K. Singh
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    Correspondence to Roger H. Pak.

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    Satish K. Singh, Donna L. Luisi and Roger H. Pak contributed equally to this work.

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    Singh, S.K., Luisi, D.L. & Pak, R.H. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design, Formulation and Physicochemical Stability. Pharm Res 32, 3541–3571 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-015-1704-4

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