Abstract
Biofilm, as a form of the microbial community in nature, represents an evolutionary adaptation to the influence of various environmental conditions. In nature, the largest number of microorganisms occur in the form of multispecies biofilms. The ability of microorganisms to form a biofilm is one of the reasons for antibiotic resistance. The creation of biofilms resistant to various contaminants, on the other hand, improves the biological treatment process in wastewater treatment plants. Heavy metals cannot be degraded, but they can be transformed into non-reactive and less toxic forms. In this process, microorganisms are irreplaceable as they interact with the metals in a variety of ways. The environment polluted by heavy metals, such as wastewater, is also a source of undiscovered microbial diversity and specific microbial strains. Numerous studies show that biofilm is an irreplaceable strategy for heavy metal removal. In this review, we systematize recent findings regarding the bioremediation potential of biofilm-forming microbial species isolated from diverse wastewaters for heavy metal removal. In addition, we include some mechanisms of action, application possibilities, practical issues, and future prospects.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
This mini-review contains data from cited manuscripts (list of references).
References
Adams GO, Tawari-Fufeyin P, Okoro SE, Ehinomen I (2015) Bioremediation, Biostimulation and Bioaugmention: a review. Int J Environ Bioremediat Biodegrad 3:28–39. https://doi.org/10.12691/ijebb-3-1-5
Alfadaly RA, Elsayed A, Hassan RYA, Noureldeen A, Darwish H, Gebreil AS (2021) Microbial sensing and removal of heavy metals: bioelectrochemical detection and removal of chromium(VI) and cadmium(II. Molecules 26(9):2549. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092549
Asri M, Elabed S, Koraichi SI, ElGhachtouli N (2019) Biofilm-Based Systems for Industrial Wastewater Treatment. In: Hussain C (ed) Handbook of environmental materials management. Springer, Cham, pp 1767–1787
Azizi S, Kamika I, Tekere M (2016) Evaluation of heavy metal removal from Wastewater in a modified packed Bed Biofilm Reactor. PLoS ONE 11(5):e0155462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155462
Bhagat N, Vermani M, Bajwa HS (2016) Characterization of heavy metal (cadmium and nickle) tolerant gram negative enteric bacteria from polluted Yamuna River, Delhi. Afr J Microbiol Res 10:127–137. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2015.7769
Bharagava RN, Mishra S (2018) Hexavalent chromium reduction potential of Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from common effluent treatment plant of tannery industries. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 147:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.040
Bhattacharya A, Gupta A, Kaur A, Malik D (2019) Alleviation of hexavalent chromium by using microorganisms: insight into the strategies and complications. Water Sci Technol 79(3):411–424. https://doi.org/10.2166.wst.2019.060
Buzejić A, Grujić S, Radojević I, Ostojić A, Čomić L, Vasić S (2016) Pb and hg metal tolerance of single and mixed-species biofilm (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Escherichia coli). Kragujev J Sci 38:115–124. https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJSci1638115B
Cesare AD, Eckert EM, D’Urso S, Bertoni R, Gillan DC, Wattiez R, Corno G (2016) Co-occurrence of integrase 1, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 94:208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.049
Dey S, Paul AK (2018) Influence of metal ions on biofilm formation by Arthrobacter sp. SUK 1205 and evaluation of their cr(VI) removal efficacy. Int Biodeter Biodegr 132:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.02.015
Díaz A, Marrero J, Cabrera G, Coto O, Gómez JM (2022) Biosorption of nickel, cobalt, zinc and copper ions by Serratia marcescens strain 16 in mono and multimetallic systems. Biodegradation 33:33–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-021-09964-9
Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (2016) Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(9):563–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94
Focardi S, Pepi M, Landi G, Gasperini S, Ruta M, Di Biasio P, Focardi SE (2012) TA-04. Hexavalent chromium reduction by whole cells and cell free extract of the moderate halophilic bacterial strain Halomonas sp. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 66:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.11.003
Geetha N, Bhavya G, Abhijith P, Shekhar R, Dayananda K, Jogaiah S (2021) Insights into Nanomycoremediation: Secretomics and Mycogenic Biopolymer Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Detoxification. J Hazard Mater 409:124541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124541
Ghimire N, Wang S (2018) Biological treatment of petrochemical wastewater. In: Zoveidavianpoor M (ed) Petroleum Chemicals—Recent Insight, IntechOpen https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79655
Grujić S, Vasić S, Radojević I, Čomić L, Ostojić A (2017a) Comparison of the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Biofilm and Planktonic Culture on Heavy Metal susceptibility and removal potential. Water Air Soil Pollut 228:73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3259-y
Grujić S, Vasić S, Čomić L, Ostojić A, Radojević I (2017b) Heavy metal tolerance and removal potential in mixed-species biofilm. Water Sci Technol 76(4):806–812. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.248
Grujić MS, Radojević DI, Vasić MS, Čomić RL, Ostojić MA (2018) Heavy metal tolerance and removal efficiency of the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Saccharomyces boulardii planktonic cells and biofilm. Kragujev J Sci 40:217–226. https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJSci1840217G
Gu Y-Q, Li T-T, Li H-Q (2018) Biofilm formation monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy during startup of MBBR operated under different intermittent aeration modes. Process Biochem 74:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.032
Gupta P, Diwan B (2017) Bacterial exopolysaccharide mediated heavy metal removal: a review on biosynthesis, mechanism and remediation strategies. Biotechnol Rep 13:58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.006
Hansda A, Kumar V, Anshumali (2016) A comparative review towards potential of microbial cells for heavy metal removal with emphasis on biosorption and bioaccumulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 32:170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-016-2117-1
Haque MM, Mosharaf MK, Haque MA, Tanvir MZH, Alam MK (2021) Biofilm formation, production of matrix compounds and biosorption of copper, nickel and lead by different bacterial strains. Front Microbiol 12:615113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.615113
Henagamage AP, Peries CM, Seneviratne G (2022) Fungal-bacterial biofilm mediated Heavy Metal Rhizo-Remediation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38(5):85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03267-8
Herath HMLI, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Seneviratne G (2014) Developed fungal–bacterial biofilms as a novel tool for bioremoval of hexavelant chromium from wastewater. Chem Ecol 30(5):418–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2013.861828
Hlihor RM, Rosca M, Tavares T, Gavrilescu M (2017) The role of Arthrobacter viscosus in the removal of pb(II) from aqueous solutions. Water Sci Technol 76:1726–1738. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.360
Hoque E, Fritscher J (2016) A new mercury accumulating Mucor hiemalis strain EH8 from cold sulfidic spring water biofilms. MicrobiologyOpen 5:763–781. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.368
Hussain S, Quinn L, Li J, Casey E, Murphy CD (2017) Simultaneous removal of malachite green and hexavalent chromium by Cunninghamella elegans biofilm in a semi-continuous system. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 125:142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.09.003
Igiri BE, Okoduwa SIR, Idoko GO, Akabuogu EP, Adeyi AO, Ejiogu IK (2018) Toxicity and bioremediation of heavy Metals contaminated ecosystem from Tannery Wastewater: a review. J Toxicol 2568038. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2568038
Irawaiti W, Yuwono T, Ompusunggu NP (2018) Growth characteristics and copper accumulation of bacterial consortium Acinetobacter sp. and Cupriavidus sp. isolated from a wastewater treatment plant. Biodivers J 19(5):1884–1890. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190540
Ivanovic I, Leiknes T (2012) The biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR)-a review. Desalin Water Treat 37:288–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.661283
Jakovljević V (2016) Metabolic activity of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium lateritium induced by ethoxylated oleyl cetyl alcohol and their bioremediation and biotechnological potential. Appl Biochem Microbiol 52(4):406–412. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683816040074
Jakovljević VD (2020) Synergistic effect of Fusarium lateritium LP7 and Trichoderma viride LP5 promotes ethoxylated oleyl-cetyl alcohol biodegradation. J Environ Sci Health A 55(4):438–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2019.1706334
Jakovljević V, Vrvić M (2016) The effect of ethoxylated oleyl-cetyl alcohol on metabolism of some fungi and their potential application in mycoremediation. Hem ind 70(3):277–286. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND141229034J
Jakovljević VD, Vrvić MM (2018) Potential of pure and mixed cultures of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Geotrichum candidum for application in bioremediation and detergent industry. Saudi J Biol Sci 25(3):529–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.020
Jakovljević V, Grujić S, Simić Z, Ostojić A, Radojević I (2022a) Finding the best combination of autochthonous microorganisms with the most effective biosorption ability for heavy metals removal from wastewater. Front Microbiol 13:1017372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1017372
Jakovljević V, Radojević I, Grujić S, Ostojić A (2022b) Response of selected microbial strains and their consortia to the presence of automobile paints: Biofilm growth, matrix protein content and hydrolytic enzyme activity. Saudi J Biol Sci 29:103347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103347
Jasu A, Ray RR (2021) Biofilm mediated strategies to mitigate heavy metal pollution: a critical review in metal bioremediation. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 37:102183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102183
Jeong SW, Kim HK, Yang JE, Choi YJ (2019) Removal of pb(II) by Pellicle-Like Biofilm-Producing Methylobacterium hispanicum EM2 strain from aqueous media. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102081. Water 11:2081
Khosravi A, Javdan M, Yazdanpanah G, Malakootian M (2020) Removal of Heavy Metals by Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) Biofilm placed on Zeolite from Aqueous Solutions (Case Study: the Wastewater of Kerman Bahonar Copper Complex). Appl Water Sci 10:167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01257-5
Koechler S, Farasin J, Cleiss-Arnold J, Arsène-Ploetze F (2015) Toxic metal resistance in biofilms: diversity of microbial responses and their evolution. Res Microbiol 166(10):764–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.03.008
Kranthi KR, Sardar UR, Bhargavi E, Devi I, Bhunia B, Tiwari ON (2018) Advances in exopolysaccharides based bioremediation of heavy metals in soil and water: a critical review. Carbohydr Polym 199:353–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.037
Lim SS, Fontmorin JM, Pham HT, Milner E, Abdul PM, Scott K, Head I, Yu EH (2021) Zinc removal and recovery from Industrial Wastewater with a Microbial fuel cell: experimental investigation and theoretical prediction. Sci Total Environ 776:145934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145934
Lin H, Wang C, Zhao H, Chen G, Chen X (2020) A subcellular level study of copper speciation reveals the synergistic mechanism of microbial cells and EPS involved in copper binding in bacterial biofilms. Environ Pollut 263(Pt A):114485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114485
Liu W, Zhang J, Jin Y, Zhao X, Cai Z (2015) Adsorption of pb(II), cd(II) and zn(II) by extracellular polymeric substances extracted from aerobic granular sludge: efficiency of protein. J Environ Chem Eng 3(2):1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.009
Liu J, Yin M, Zhang W, Tsang D, Wei X, Zhou Y, Xiao T, Wang J, Dong Y, Li H, Hou L (2019) Response of microbial communities and interactions to thallium in contaminated sediments near a pyrite mining area. Environ Pollut 248:916–928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.089
Long D, Zou L, Hashmi MZ, Cai K, Tang X, Chen G, Shi J (2015) Determination of the accumulation, spatial distribution and reduction of cr in unsaturated Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum LY10 biofilms by X-ray fluorescence and absorption methods. Chem Eng J 280:763–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.013
Ma H, Zhao Y, Yang K, Wang Y, Zhang C, Ji M (2022) Application oriented bioaugmentation processes: mechanism, performance improvement and scale-up. Bioresour Technol 344 (Part B) 126192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126192
Maddela NR, Zhou Z, Yu Z, Zhao S, Meng F (2018) Functional determinants of extracellular polymeric substances in membrane Biofouling: experimental evidence from pure-cultured sludge Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 84(15). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00756-18
Maddela NR, Scalvenzi L, Radice M (2021) Novel insights of Microbial Exopolysaccharides as bio-adsorbents for the removal of Heavy Metals from Soil and Wastewater. In: Nadda AK, KVS Sharma S (eds) Microbial Exopolysaccharides as Novel and significant biomaterials. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75289-7_10
Mahto KU, Kumari S, Das S (2022) Unraveling the complex regulatory networks in biofilm formation in bacteria and relevance of biofilms in environmental remediation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 57(3):305–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2021.2015747
Mat Arisah F, Amir AF, Ramli N, Ariffin H, Maeda T, Hassan MA, Mohd Yusoff MZ (2021) Bacterial resistance against Heavy Metals in Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW9 Involving Hexavalent Chromium removal. Sustainability 13:9797. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179797
Maurya A, Kumar R, Singh A, Raj A (2021) Investigation on biofilm formation activity of Enterococcus faecium under various physiological conditions and possible application in bioremediation of tannery effluent. Bioresour Technol 339:125586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125586
Meliani A, Bensoltane A (2016) Biofilm-mediated heavy Metals Bioremediation in PGPR Pseudomonas. J Bioremediat Biodegrad 7:370. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000370
Mishra S, Huang Y, Li J, Wu X, Zhou Z, Lei Q, Bhatt P, Chen S (2022) Biofilm-mediated bioremediation is a powerful tool for the removal of environmental pollutants. Chemosphere 294:133609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133609
Mosharaf MK, Tanvir MZH, Haque MM, Haque MA, Khan MAA, Molla AH, Alam MZ, Islam MS, Talukder MR (2018) Metal-adapted Bacteria isolated from wastewaters produce Biofilms by expressing Proteinaceous Curli Fimbriae and Cellulose Nanofibers. Front Microbiol 9:1334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01334
Naeem A, Batool R, Jamil N (2013) Cr(VI) reduction by Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from tannery effluent. Turk J Biol 37:315–322. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1209-18
Nurfitriani S, Arisoesilaningsih E, Nuraini Y, Handayanto E (2022) Biofilm formation by mercury resistant bacteria from polluted soil small-scale gold mining waste. Biodiversitas 23:992–999. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230242
Ogbuagu DH, Nwachukwu IN, Ejike OJ (2018) Application of biofilms in removal of heavy metals from wastewater in static condition. Biotechnol Acta 11(3):47–55. https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech11.03.047
Pani T, Das A, Osborne JW (2017) Bioremoval of zinc and manganese by bacterial biofilm: a bioreactor-based approach. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol 175:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.039
Pepi M, Borra M, Tamburrino S, Saggiomo M, Viola A, Biffali E, Balestra C, Sprovieri M, Casotti R (2016) A Bacillus sp. isolated from sediments of the Sarno River mouth, Gulf of Naples (Italy) produces a biofilm biosorbing pb(II). Sci Total Environ 562:588–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.097
Quiton KG, Doma JB, Futalan CM, Wan MW (2018) Removal of chromium (VI) and zinc(II) from aqueous solution using kaolin-supported bacterial biofilms of Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Sustainable Environ Res 28(5):206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.04.002
Radojevic I, Grujic S, Rankovic B, Comic Lj, Ostojic A (2019) Single-species biofilms from autochthonous microorganisms: biotechnological potential in automotive wastewater treatment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(10):6189–6198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02265-y
Radojević I, Jakovljević V, Grujić S, Ostojić A, Ćirković K (2023) Biofilm formation by selected microbial strains isolated from wastewater and their consortia: mercury resistance and removal potential. Res Microbiol 104092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104092
Rajeev M, Sushmitha TJ, Aravindraja C, Toleti SR, Pandian SK (2021) Exploring the impacts of heavy metals on spatial variations of sediment-associated bacterial communities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 209:111808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111808
Saba B, Christy AD, Yu Z, Co AC, Islam R, Tuovinen OH (2017) Characterization and performance of anodic mixed culture biofilms in submersed microbial fuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry 113:79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.10.003
Saba YR, Mehboob A, Sabri AN (2019) Potential role of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances as biosorbent material for arsenic bioremediation. Bioremediat J 23:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2019.1602107
Saini S, Tewari S, Dwivedi J, Sharma V (2023) Biofilm-mediated wastewater treatment: a comprehensive review. Mater Adv 4:1415–1443. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00945E
Sander S, Behnisch J, Wagner M (2017) Energy, cost and design aspects of coarse-and fine-bubble aeration systems in the MBBR IFAS process. Water Sci Technol 75:890–897. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.571
Sardar UR, Bhargavi E, Devi I, Bhunia B, Tiwari ON (2018) Advances in exopolysaccharides based bioremediation of heavy metals in soil and water: a critical review. Carbohydr Polym 199:353–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.037
Sedlakova-Kadukova J (2022) Microorganisms in metal recovery—Tools or teachers? In: Singh RP, Manchanda G, Bhattacharjee K, Panosyan H (eds) Developments in applied microbiology and biotechnology, microbial syntrophy-mediated eco-enterprising, Academic Press, pp 71–86
Shah MP, Rodrigez Couto S, Kumar V (2021) New Trends in removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater. Elsevier Inc
Sonwani RK, Swain G, Giri BS, Singh RS, Rai BN (2019) A novel comparative study of modified carriers in moving bed biofilm reactor for the treatment of wastewater: process optimization and kinetic study. Bioresour Technol 281:335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.121
Syed A, Zeyad MT, Shahid M, Elgorban AM, Alkhulaifi MM, Ansari IA (2021) Heavy Metals Induced Modulations in Growth, Physiology, Cellular viability, and Biofilm formation of an identified bacterial isolate. ACS Omega 6(38):25076–25088. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04396
Syed Z, Sogani M, Rajvanshi J, Sonu K (2022) Microbial Biofilms for Environmental Bioremediation of Heavy Metals: a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04276-x
Tandon S, Jha M, Dudhwadkar S (2020) Study on Ochrobactrum pseudintermedium ADV31 for the removal of hexavalent chromium through different immobilization techniques. SN Appl Sci 2:296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2103-y
Tariq A, Ubaid U, Asif M, Sadiq I (2019) Biosorption of arsenic through bacteria isolated from Pakistan. Int Microbiol 22(1):59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-018-0028-8
Teitzel GM, Parsek MR (2003) Heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2313–2320. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.4.2313-2320.2003
Uddin MJ, Jeong Y, Lee W (2021) Microbial fuel cell for bioelectricity generation through reduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater: a review. Int J Hydrog Energy 46(20):11458–11481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.134
Voica DM, Bartha L, Banciu HL, Oren A (2016) Heavy metal resistance in halophilic Bacteria and Archaea. FEMS Microbiol Lett 363(14):fnw146. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnw146
Völkel S, Fröls S, Pfeifer F (2018) Heavy metal ion stress on Halobacterium salinarum R1 planktonic cells and biofilms. Front Microbiol 9:3157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03157
Völkel S, Hein S, Benker N, Pfeifer F, Lenz C, Losensky G (2020) How to cope with heavy metal ions: cellular and proteome-level stress response to divalent copper and nickel in Halobacterium salinarum R1 planktonic and biofilm cells. Front Microbiol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03056
Wang S, Ghimire N, Xin G, Janka E, Bakke R (2017) Efficient high strength petrochemical wastewater treatment in a hybrid vertical anaerobic biofilm (HyVAB) reactor: a pilot study. Water Pract Technol 12:501–513. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.051
Wang S, Parajuli S, Sivalingam V, Bakke R (2019) Biofilm in moving Bed Biofilm process for Wastewater Treatment. In: Dincer S Sümengen Özdenefe M Arkut A (eds) Bacterial Biofilms IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88520
Wang W, Zhu S, Li N, Xie S, Wen C, Luo X (2022) Enhanced Cd2+ adsorption and toxicity for microbial biofilms in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. Environl Pollut 314:120239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120239
Wei L, Li Y, Noguera DR, Zhao N, Song Y, Ding J, Zhao Q, Cui F (2017) Adsorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in different sludges: Effect of EPS fractional polarity on binding mechanism. J Hazard Mater 321:473–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.016
Wei L, Li J, Xue M, Wang S, Li Q, Qin K, Jiang J, Ding J, Zhao Q (2019) Adsorption behaviors of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ onto proteins, humic acid, and polysaccharides extracted from sludge EPS: Sorption properties and mechanisms. Bioresour Technol 291:121868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121868
Wen X, Du C, Zeng G, Huang D, Zhang J, Yin L, Tan S, Huang L, Chen H, Yu G, Hu X, Lai C, Xu P, Wan J (2018) A novel biosorbent prepared by immobilized Bacillus licheniformis for lead removal from wastewater. Chemosphere 200:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.078
Yang J (2019) Approaches for modeling anaerobic granule-based reactors. In: Dincer S Sümengen Özdenefe M Arkut A (eds) Bacterial Biofilms IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90201
Younas H, Nazir A, Latif Z, Thies JE, Shafiq M, Firdaus-e-Bareen (2022) Biosorption potential and molecular characterization of metal resistant autochthonous microbes from tannery solid waste. Arch Microbiol 204(10):651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-03238-5
Zhang X, Li J, Yu Y, Xu R, Wu Z (2016) Biofilm characteristics in natural ventilation trickling filters (NVTFs) for municipal wastewater treatment: comparison of three kinds of biofilm carriers. Biochem Eng J 106:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2015.11.009
Zhao Y, Liu D, Huang W, Yang Y, Ji M, Nghiem LD, Trinh QT, Tran NH (2019) Insights into biofilm carriers for biological wastewater treatment processes: current state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities. Bioresour Technol 288:121619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121619
Zhou Y, Kiely PD, Kibbee R, Ormeci B (2021) Effect of polymeric support material on biofilm development, bacterial population, and wastewater treatment performance in anaerobic fixed-film systems. Chemosphere 264(Pt 1):128477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128477
Zhu N, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhu Y, Wu Y (2018) Arsenic removal by periphytic biofilm and its application combined with biochar. Bioresour Technol 248:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.026
Zimba S, Kumar TS, Mohan N, Rao PH (2021) Evaluation of various waste substrates for biofilm formation and subsequent use in aerobic packed-bed reactor for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 37(2):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02992-2
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation (Agreement No. 451-03-47/2023-01/ 200122) and COST Action 18113 (STSM grant ECOSTSTSM-Request-CA18113-45768), EuroMicropH Understanding and exploiting the impacts of low pH on micro-organisms.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Article idea: [Ivana Radojević]Literature search: [Ivana Radojević, Violeta Jakovljević, Aleksandar Ostojić]Data analysis: [Ivana Radojević, Violeta Jakovljević, Aleksandar Ostojić]Work done by: [Ivana Radojević]Critical revision of work: [Violeta Jakovljević, Aleksandar Ostojić]
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Radojević, I.D., Jakovljević, V.D. & Ostojić, A.M. A mini-review on indigenous microbial biofilm from various wastewater for heavy-metal removal - new trends. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 309 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03762-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03762-6