Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Parameters to Enhance Weld Nugget Hardness in AA6061-B4C Composite Material

  • ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
  • Published:
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the weldability of aluminium composite made of 10 weight percent of B4C as reinforcement and AA6061 as the matrix material is the main emphasis. For the study's weldability analysis of the composite, friction stir welding was used. Tool rotation speed, welding speed, and tool profile were taken into consideration as input factors, and the output response was the weld nugget's hardness. The experimental strategy and an analysis of the impact of the input parameters on the response were done using the Taguchi technique. 79.92% of the variation in the output response was attributed by the results to the tool rotation speed, which was found to have the greatest impact. The findings from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) further supported the importance of each input parameter on the reaction to the output. Overall, this study emphasizes how crucial it is to regulate welding speed, rotation speed of the tool, and tool profile in order to obtain optimal weld quality and hardness in AA6061-B4C composite using friction stir welding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. V. Preethi, A. Daniel Das, Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for better hardness in weld nugget of hybrid aluminium composite. Mater Today Proc 25, 8–19 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Gudipudi et al., Enhanced mechanical properties of AA6061-B4C composites developed by a novel ultra-sonic assisted stir casting. Eng Sci Technol Int J 23, 1233–1243 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  3. C. Manjunatha, P. Sanjay, C. Girisha, Evaluation of mechanical properties of aa6061-b4c metal matrix Composite obtained by stir casting technique. Int J Mech Prod Eng Res Dev (IJMPERD) 10, 263–272 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Manjunatha C, Sanjay P and Girisha C 2021 Mechanical properties of friction stir Welded aluminium metal matrix composite-aa6061-b4c influenced by tool pin Geometry. Int J Sci Eng Res 12(2)

  5. H. Sheng Chen, W. Xian Wang, H. Hui Nie, J. Zhou, Y. Li, P. Zhang, Microstructure and mechanical properties of B4C/6061Al laminar composites fabricated by power metallurgy. Vacuum 143, 363–370 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. V. Kavimani, K.S. Prakash, T. Thankachan, S. Nagaraja, A.K. Jeevanantham, J.P. Jhon, WEDM parameter optimization for silicon@r-GO/magneisum composite using taguchi based GRA coupled PCA. Silicon (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00205-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. A.V. Pozdniakov, V.S. Zolotorevskiy, R.Y. Barkov, A. Lotfy, A.I. Bazlov, Microstructure and material characterization of 6063/B 4 C and 1545K / B 4C composites produced by two stir casting techniques for nuclear applications. J Alloys Compd 664, 317–320 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.12.228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. K. Kalaiselvan, N. Murugan, S. Parameswaran, Production and characterization of AA6061-B4C stir cast composite. Mater Design 32, 4004–4009 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. K. Soorya Prakash, P.M. Gopal, V. Kavimani, Effect of rock dust, cenosphere and E-waste glass addition on mechanical, wear and machinability behaviour of Al 6061 hybrid composites. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 24, 270–282 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  10. P.M. Gopal, Wire electric discharge machining of silica Rich E-waste CRT and BN reinforced hybrid magnesium MMC. Silicon 11, 1429–1440 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. C. Durga Prasad, S. Kollur, M. Nusrathulla, G. Satheesh Babu, M.B. Hanamantraygouda, B.N. Prashanth, N. Nagabhushana, Characterisation and wear behaviour of SiC reinforced FeNiCrMo composite coating by HVOF process. Trans IMF (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2023.2246259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. M.A. Kattimani, P.R. Venkatesh, L.J. Kirthan, M.M. Math, A.C. Prapul Chandra, C. Ramakrishna Hegde, D. Prasad, M. Gupta, S. Kumar, Design and optimization of fatigue life studies on induction hardened IN718 alloy for gas turbine applications. Adv Mater Process Technol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2023.2256121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. A.R. Tavadi, N. Nagabhushana, V.N. Vivek Bhandarkar, T. Jagadeesha, M.R. Kerur, S. Rudresha, C. Durga Prasad, A. Rajesh Kannan, D.G. Mohan, Investigation on mechanical and sliding wear behaviour of pongamia-oil-cake/basalt fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Arab J Sci Eng (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08207-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. M.A. Kattimani, P.R. Venkatesh, H. Masum, M.M. Math, V.N. Bahadurdesai, S. Mustafkhadri, C.D. Prasad, H. Vasudev, Design and numerical analysis of tensile deformation and fracture properties of induction hardened inconel 718 superalloy for gas turbine applications. Int J Interact Design Manuf (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01452-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Rajesh Kannan, C. Durga Prasad, V. Rajkumar, N. Siva Shanmugam, V. Rajkumar, W. Lee, J. Yoon, Hot oxidation and corrosion behaviour of boiler steel fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing. Mater Character 203, 113113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. G.S. Kulkarni, N.G. Siddeshkumar, C. Durga Prasad, Latha Shankar, R. Suresh, Drilling of GFRP with liquid silicon rubber reinforced with fine aluminium powder on hole surface quality and tool wear using DOE. J Bio- Tribo-Corrosion 9, 53 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-023-00771-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. S.D. Kulkarni, Manjunatha, U. Chandrasekhar, K.V. Manjunath, C.D. Prasad, H. Vasudev, Design and optimization of polyvinyl-nitride rubber for tensile strength analysis. Int J Interact Design Manuf (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01405-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M.M. Math, K.V.S. Rajeswara Rao, A.C. Prapul Chandra, M.N. Vijayakumar, B. Nandini, C.D. Prasad, H. Vasudev, Design and modeling using finite element analysis for the sitting posture of computer users based on ergonomic perspective. Int J Interact Design Manuf (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01383-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. G. Madhu Sudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, S. Kollur, R. Avinash Lakshmikanthan, A.C.R. Suresh, Investigation of high temperature erosion behaviour of NiCrAlY/TiO2 plasma coatings on titanium substrate. JOM J Miner Metals Mater Soc (TMS) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-05894-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Nagabhushana, S. Ramprasad, C. Durga Prasad, H. Vasudev, C. Prakash, Numerical investigation on heat transfer of a nano-fluid saturated vertical composite porous channel packed between two fluid layers. Int J Interact Design Manuf (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01379-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. N. Praveen, U.S. Mallik, A.G. Shivasiddaramaih, R. Suresh, C. Durga Prasad, L. Shivaramu, Synthesis and wire EDM characteristics of Cu–Al–Mn ternary shape memory alloys using taguchi method. J Instit Eng (India) Series (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-023-00501-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. G. Anjaneya, S. Sunil, S. Kakkeri, M.M. Math, M.N. Vaibhav, C. Solaimuthu, C.D. Prasad, H. Vasudev, Numerical simulation of microchannel heat exchanger using CFD. Int J Interact Design Manuf (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01376-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Poojari, H. Hanumanthappa, C.D. Prasad, H.M. Jathanna, A.R. Ksheerasagar, P. Shetty, B.K. Shanmugam, H. Vasudev, Computational modelling for the manufacturing of solar-powered multifunctional agricultural robot. Int J Interact Design Manuf (IJIDeM) (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-023-01291-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. C.J. Manjunatha, C. Durga Prasad, H. Hanumanthappa, A. Rajesh Kannan, D.G. Mohan, B.K. Shanmugam, C. Venkategowda, Influence of microstructural characteristics on wear and corrosion behaviour of Si3N4 reinforced Al2219 composites. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2023, 1120569 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1120569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. H. Sharanabasva, C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Ramesh, Characterization and wear behavior of NiCrMoSi microwave cladding. J Mater Eng Perform (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-023-07998-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. H.S. Nithin, K.M. Nishchitha, D.G. Pradeep, C. Durga Prasad, M. Mathapati, Comparative analysis of CoCrAlY coatings at high temperature oxidation behavior using different reinforcement composition profiles. Weld World 67, 585–592 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01405-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. H. Sharanabasva, C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Ramesh, Effect of Mo and SiC reinforced NiCr microwave cladding on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties. J Instit Eng India Series D (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-022-00445-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. V. Gowda, H. Hanumanthappa, B.K. Shanmugam, C. Durga Prasad, T.N. Sreenivasa, M.S. Rajendra Kumar, High-temperature tribological studies on hot forged Al6061-Tib2 In-Situ composites. J Bio Tribo-Corrosion 8, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-022-00699-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C.D. Prasad, P. Patil, N. Kakur, M.R. Ramesh, elevated temperature erosion performance of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 coating on MDN 420 steel substrate. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop 10, 025010 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/ac6a6e

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. D.C. Naveen, N. Kakur, B.S. Keerthi Gowda, G. Madhu Sudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, R. Shanmugam, Effects of polypropylene waste addition as coarse aggregate in concrete: experimental characterization and statistical analysis. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2022, 7886722 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7886722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, G. Shetty, M.R. Ramesh, T. Nageswara Rao, P. Patil, Investigation of thermally sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 and NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ cermet composite coatings on titanium alloys. Eng Res Express 4, 025049 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac7946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, G. Shetty, M.R. Ramesh, T. Nageswara Rao, P. Patil, High temperature oxidation behavior of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 & NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ coatings on titanium alloy. Weld World 25, 8 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01268-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. T. Naik, C. Mahantayya Mathapathi, D. Prasad, H.S. Nithin, M.R. Ramesh, Effect of laser post treatment on microstructural and sliding wear behavior of HVOF sprayed NiCrC and NiCrSi coatings. Surf Rev Lett 29, 225000 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X2250007X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Madhusudana Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, G. Shetty, M.R. Ramesh, T. Nageswara Rao, P. Patil, High temperature oxidation studies of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 & NiCrAlY /Cr2O3/YSZ cermet composite coatings on MDN-420 special steel alloy. Metallogr Microstruct Anal 10, 642–651 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-021-00784-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. C. Durga Prasad, S. Lingappa, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, S.B. Ramesh, Characterization and sliding wear behavior of CoMoCrSi+Flyash composite cladding processed by microwave irradiation. Mater Today Proc 46, 2387–2391 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. G. Madhu, K.M. Mrityunjaya Swamy, D.A. Kumar, C. Durga Prasad, U. Harish, Evaluation of hot corrosion behavior of HVOF thermally sprayed Cr3C2 -35NiCr coating on SS 304 boiler tube steel. Am Inst Phys 2316, 030014 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0038279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. M.S. Reddy, C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Pradeep Patil, N.R. Ramesh, Hot corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed NiCrAlY/TiO2 and NiCrAlY/Cr2O3/YSZ cermets coatings on alloy steel. Surf Interfaces 22, 100810 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, M.S. Ramesh, Srinath, Microstructure and tribological resistance of flame sprayed CoMoCrSi/WC-CrC-Ni and CoMoCrSi/WC-12Co composite coatings remelted by microwave hybrid heating. J Bio Tribo-Corrosion 6, 124 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00421-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Mathapati, C. Kiran Amate, D. Prasad, M.L. Jayavardhana, T. Hemanth Raju, A review on fly ash utilization. Mater Today Proc 50, 1535–1540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, Ramesh, Comparative investigation of HVOF and flame sprayed CoMoCrSi coating. Am Inst Phys 2247, 050004 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Dinesh, S. Rohan Raykar, T.L. Rakesh, M.G. Prajwal, M. Shashank Lingappa, C. Durga Prasad, Feasibility study on MoCoCrSi/WC-Co cladding developed on austenitic stainless steel using microwave hybrid heating. J Mines Metals Fuels (2021). https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Akhil Jerri, Ramesh, Characterization and sliding wear behavior of iron based metallic coating deposited by HVOF process on low carbon steel substrate. J Bio Tribo-Corrosion 6, 69 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40735-020-00366-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. K.G. Girisha, C. Durga Prasad, K.C. Anil, K.V. Sreenivas Rao, Dry sliding wear behaviour of Al2O3 coatings for AISI 410 grade stainless steel. Appl Mech Mater 766–767, 585–589 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.766-767.585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, M.S. Ramesh, B.H. Srinath, Channabasappa, Comparison of high temperature wear behavior of microwave assisted HVOF sprayed CoMoCrSi-WC-CrC-Ni/WC-12Co composite coatings. Silicon Springer 12, 3027–3045 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00398-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, M.S. Ramesh, B.H. Srinath, Channabasappa, Effect of microwave heating on microstructure and elevated temperature adhesive wear behavior of HVOF deposited CoMoCrSi-Cr3C2 composite coating. Surf Coat Technol Elsevier Sci 374, 291–304 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.056

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, M.S. Ramesh, B.H. SrinathChannabasappa, Development and sliding wear behavior of Co-Mo-Cr-Si cladding through microwave heating. Silicon Springer 11, 2975–2986 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-0084-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, M.S. Ramesh, B.H. Srinath, Channabasappa, “Microstructure and tribological behavior of flame sprayed and microwave fused CoMoCrSi/CoMoCrSi-Cr3C2 coatings. Mater Res Express 6, 026512 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaebd9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. K. Hamsavathi, K.S. Prakash, V. Kavimani, Green high strength concrete containing recycled cathode ray tube panel plastics (E-waste) as coarse aggregate in concrete beams for structural applications. J Build Eng 30, 101192 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. C.D. Prasad, S. Joladarashi, M.R. Ramesh, M.S. Srinath, B.H. Channabasappa, Influence of microwave hybrid heating on the sliding wear behaviour of HVOF sprayed CoMoCrSi coating. Mater Res Express 5, 086519 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aad44e

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. K.G. Girisha, K.V. Sreenivas Rao, C. Durga Prasad, Slurry erosion resistance of martenistic stainless steel with plasma sprayed Al2O3–40%TiO2 Coatings. Mater Today Proc 5, 7388–7393 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. C. Durga Prasad, M.R. Sharnappa Joladarashi, Anunoy Sarkar Ramesh, High temperature gradient cobalt based clad developed using microwave hybrid heating. Am Inst Phys 1943, 020111 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. K.G. Girisha, R. Rakesh, C. Durga Prasad, K.V. Sreenivas Rao, Development of corrosion resistance coating for AISI 410 grade steel. Appl Mech Mater 813–814, 135–139 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.813-814.135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. P.M. Gopal, K.S. Prakash, Minimization of cutting force, temperature and surface roughness through GRA, TOPSIS and Taguchi techniques in end milling of Mg hybrid MMC. Measurement 116, 178–192 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. P.M. Gopal, K.S. Prakash, S. Jayaraj, WEDM of Mg/CRT/BN composites: effect of materials and machining parameters. Mater Manuf Process 33, 1–8 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  55. B. Meyghani, M. Awang, A comparison between the flat and the curved friction stir welding (FSW) thermomechanical behaviour. Arch Comput Methods Eng 27, 563–576 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. S. Verma, J. Misra, M. Gupta, Study of temperature distribution and parametric optimization during fsw of AA6082 using statistical approaches. SAE Int J Mater Manuf 12, 57–72 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. V. Kavimani, K.S. Prakash, Tribological behaviour predictions of r-GO reinforced Mg composite using ANN coupled Taguchi approach. J Phys Chem Solids 110, 409–419 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.06.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. V. Kavimani, K. Soorya Prakash, T. Thankachan, Multi-objective optimization in WEDM process of graphene–SiC-magnesium composite through hybrid techniques. Meas J Int Meas Confed 145, 335–349 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.04.076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Baradeswaran, A.E. Perumal, Study on mechanical and wear properties of Al 7075/Al2O3/graphite hybrid composites. Compos Part B Eng 56, 464–471 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. A.D. Das, S. Senthil Kumaran, FWTPET Investigation on SA213 Tube to SA387 Tube Plate. Appl Mech Mater 852, 355–361 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. S.S. Kumaran, A.D. Das, An examination of seamless ferritic tube and austenitic alloy tube plate joining by friction welding process. Mater Today Proc 5, 8539–8546 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. S.S. Kumaran, A.D. Das, An investigation of boiler grade tube and tube plate without block by using friction welding process. Mater Today Proc 5, 8567–8576 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. S.S. Kumaran, A.D. Das, Friction welding joints of SA 213 tube to SA 387 tube plate boiler grade materials by using clearance and interference fit method. Mater Today Proc 5, 8557–8566 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. A.D. Das, Effect of GTAW welding parameters on mechanical properties of aluminium six-series welded samples. J Adv Res Dyn Control Syst 11, 1112–1118 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V11SP12/20193317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. R. Karuppasamy, D.A. Daniel, Investigations on mechanical properties of squeeze casted Al MMC reinforced with TIC and BN. J Adv Res Dyn Control Syst 11, 1086–1092 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V11SP12/20193313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. A.D. Das, Effect of TIG welding parameters on mechanical properties of Al6063 welded samples. J Adv Res Dyn Control Syst (2019). https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V11SP12/20193318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. A. Daniel Das, K. Thirunavukkarasu, Multi criteria decision makinginvestigation on friction welded samples of boiler grade materials using topsis method. Test Eng Manag 83, 15293–1529 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) Belagavi Technology, for providing a good research facility to carry out this research work.

Funding

This work is not supported financially by any source.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMC Engineering College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 506083, India

    C. Manjunatha

  2. Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590018, India

    C. Manjunatha & T. N. Sreenivasa

  3. Sonata Software, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560059, India

    P. Sanjay

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV Institute of Technology and Management, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560076, India

    C. Durga Prasad

Authors
  1. C. Manjunatha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. N. Sreenivasa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Sanjay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. C. Durga Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Durga Prasad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Manjunatha, C., Sreenivasa, T.N., Sanjay, P. et al. Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Parameters to Enhance Weld Nugget Hardness in AA6061-B4C Composite Material. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-023-00562-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40033-023-00562-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation