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The versatile role of exosomes in cancer progression: diagnostic and therapeutic implications

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A Correction to this article was published on 25 July 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background

Recent advances in cancer biology have highlighted the relevance of exosomes and nanovesicles as carriers of genetic and biological messages between cancer cells and their immediate and/or distant environments. It has been found that these molecular cues may play significant roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer cells secrete exosomes containing diverse molecules that can be transferred to recipient cells and/or vice versa to induce a plethora of biological processes, including angiogenesis, metastasis formation, therapeutic resistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and epigenetic/stemness (re)programming. While exosomes interact with cells within the tumour microenvironment to promote tumour growth, these vesicles can also facilitate the process of distant metastasis by mediating the formation of pre-metastatic niches. Next to their tumour promoting effects, exosomes have been found to serve as potential tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy. The ease of isolating exosomes and their content from different body fluids has led to the identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarker signatures, as well as to predictive biomarker signatures for therapeutic responses. Exosomes can also be used as cargos to deliver therapeutic anti-cancer drugs, and they can be engineered to serve as vaccines for immunotherapy. Additionally, it has been found that inhibition of exosome secretion, and thus the transfer of oncogenic molecules, holds promise for inhibiting tumour growth. Here we provide recent information on the diverse roles of exosomes in various cellular and systemic processes governing cancer progression, and discuss novel strategies to halt this progression using exosome-based targeted therapies and methods to inhibit exosome secretion and the transfer of pro-tumorigenic molecules.

Conclusions

This review highlights the important role of exosomes in cancer progression and its implications for (non-invasive) diagnostics and the development of novel therapeutic strategies, as well as its current and future applications in clinical trials.

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Change history

  • 25 July 2018

    In the title of above mentioned article the word ‘versatile’ had been replaced by ‘multifaceted’.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by University of Malaya Programme Grant RP032-14HTM. The authors would like to thank Miss Yew Hong Wen, from Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, for her assistance in preparing the artwork and figures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    Vignesh Sundararajan

  2. Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA

    Fazlul H. Sarkar

  3. Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Thamil Selvee Ramasamy

  4. Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Dean’s Office, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Thamil Selvee Ramasamy

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  1. Vignesh Sundararajan
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  2. Fazlul H. Sarkar
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Correspondence to Thamil Selvee Ramasamy.

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Sundararajan, V., Sarkar, F.H. & Ramasamy, T.S. The versatile role of exosomes in cancer progression: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Cell Oncol. 41, 223–252 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-018-0378-4

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