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A Comprehensive Review of Feedstocks as Sustainable Substrates for Next-Generation Biofuels

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Abstract

With the rise in global population, industrialization, and economic expansion, the persistent overconsumption of conventional fossil fuels has resulted in the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. This has fuelled the need to investigate and boost scientific research efforts on sustainable and renewable bioenergy feedstock. A substitute that can minimize reliance on nonrenewable energy resources while also lowering greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, biofuels have received a great deal of interest in recent years as a prospective substitute for conventional fossil fuels. The prime reason behind this is the feedstock utilized in their synthesis. The feedstocks employed here are environmentally safe, nontoxic, and emit little to no pollution. These feedstocks are classified into four generations: first, second, third, and fourth. Food crops and lignocellulosic biomass and waste constitute first- and second-generation feedstocks. The third- and fourth-generation feedstock is microalgae. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of feedstocks utilized to produce biofuels, including the various pre-treatment methods, strategies, and techno-economic analysis in order to pave the way for next-generation biofuels. It also covers the advantages, drawbacks, challenges, and current developments.

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Acknowledgements

Aditi Singh, Priya Prajapati, and Shaili Vyas are grateful to authorities of GPCB for allowing them to undergo an internship with “A scheme on Project, Thesis or Internship at GPCB.” The authors would like to thank Gujarat Pollution Control Board for encouragement and support during manuscript preparation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382 010, Gujarat, India

    Aditi Singh, Priya Prajapati, Shaili Vyas & Sunita Varjani

  2. Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India

    Aditi Singh

  3. Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382015, India

    Priya Prajapati & Shaili Vyas

  4. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India

    Vivek Kumar Gaur

  5. Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, India

    Vivek Kumar Gaur

  6. Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691 505, Kerala, India

    Raveendran Sindhu

  7. CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India

    Parameswaran Binod

  8. CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India

    Vinod Kumar

  9. Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan

    Reeta Rani Singhania

  10. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A& F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Mukesh Kumar Awasthi & Zengqiang Zhang

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Singh, A., Prajapati, P., Vyas, S. et al. A Comprehensive Review of Feedstocks as Sustainable Substrates for Next-Generation Biofuels. Bioenerg. Res. 16, 105–122 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10440-2

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