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Effects of combined ozone and cadmium stresses on leaf traits in two poplar clones

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Abstract

Information on plant responses to combined stresses such as ozone (O3) and cadmium (Cd) is scarce in tree species. On the other hand, high O3 concentrations in the atmosphere and heavy metal contaminations in water and soil simultaneously affect forest ecosystems. Toxic metals may exacerbate the consequences of air pollutants. In this research, two poplar clones, differently sensitive to O3 (“I-214” O3-tolerant and “Eridano” O3-sensitive), were grown for 5 weeks in pots supplied with 0 and 150 mg Cd kg−1 soil and then exposed to a 15-day O3 fumigation (60 nl l−1, 5 h a day) or supplied with charcoal-filtered air under the same conditions (referred to as control samples). The effects of the two stressors, alone or in combination, on Cd accumulation, photosynthetic capacity, ethylene emission and oxidative state were investigated in fully expanded leaves. Cadmium accumulation in leaves caused a reduction, but not complete failure, of photosynthesis in Eridano and I-214 poplar clones. The reduction in assimilation rate was more important following O3 fumigation. Stomatal aperture after O3 treatment, instead, increased in I-214 and decreased in Eridano. Overall, Cd treatment was effective in decreasing ethylene emission, whereas O3 fumigation increased it in both clones, although interacting with the metal treatment. Again, O3 fumigation induced a significant increase in ascorbate (ASA) + dehydroascorbate (DHA) content, which was strongly oxidised by O3, thus decreasing the redox state. On the other hand, Cd treatment had a positive effect on ASA content and redox state in I-214, but not in Eridano. Although Cd and O3 are known to share some common toxicity pathways, the combined effects induced distinct clone-specific responses, underlying the complexity of plant reactions to multiple stresses.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

A max :

Net photosynthesis at saturating irradiance

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidise

ASA:

Ascorbate

Cd:

Cadmium

C i :

Internal CO2 concentration

DHA:

Dehydroascorbate

G w :

Stomatal conductance

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NO:

Nitric oxide

O3 :

Ozone

[O3]:

O3 concentration

PPFD:

Photosynthetic photon flux density

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgments

We kindly acknowledge Giuseppe Nervo and Lorenzo Vietto (CRA, Casale Monferrato, Italy) for having provided cuttings of the two poplar clones. The present research was supported by funds of the University of Pisa and Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa. We also acknowledge funding by the project “Molecular, physiological, and agronomic analyses for selecting and managing Salicacee in phytoremediation” (Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research).

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  1. Daniela Di Baccio

    Present address: Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-Ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Antonella Castagna & Anna Maria Ranieri

  2. BioLabs, Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy

    Daniela Di Baccio & Luca Sebastiani

  3. Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, Italy

    Roberto Tognetti

  4. The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all’Adige, Italy

    Roberto Tognetti

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  1. Antonella Castagna
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Correspondence to Antonella Castagna or Roberto Tognetti.

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Castagna, A., Di Baccio, D., Ranieri, A.M. et al. Effects of combined ozone and cadmium stresses on leaf traits in two poplar clones. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 2064–2075 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3481-8

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