Abstract
A critical mass of knowledge is emerging on the interactions between plant cells and engineered nanomaterials, revealing the potential of plant nanobiotechnology to promote and support novel solutions for the development of a competitive bioeconomy. This knowledge can foster the adoption of new methodological strategies to empower the large-scale production of biomass from commercially important microalgae. The present review focuses on the potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance photosynthetic performance of microalgae by (i) widening the spectral region available for the energy conversion reactions and (ii) increasing the tolerance of microalgae towards unfavourable conditions occurring in mass production. To this end, current understanding on the mechanisms of uptake and localization of CNTs in plant cells is discussed. The available ecotoxicological data were used in an attempt to assess the feasibility of CNT-based applications in algal biotechnology, by critically correlating the experimental conditions with the observed adverse effects. Furthermore, main structural and physicochemical properties of single- and multi-walled CNTs and common approaches for the functionalization and characterization of CNTs in biological environment are presented. Here, we explore the potential that nanotechnology can offer to enhance functions of algae, paving the way for a more efficient use of photosynthetic algal systems in the sustainable production of energy, biomass and high-value compounds.
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Abbreviations
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- CMC:
-
Critical micelle concentration
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- DCF:
-
2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
- DCPIP:
-
2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol
- DHA:
-
Docosahexaenoic acid
- dNC:
-
Dextran-coated nanoceria
- DOS:
-
Density of states
- EC 50 :
-
Concentration inducing 50 % growth inhibition
- EPA:
-
Eicosapentaenoic acid
- F-CNTs:
-
CNTs labelled with FITC
- FITC:
-
Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GA:
-
Gum Arabic
- H2DCFDA:
-
2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- HiPCo:
-
High-pressure carbon monoxide procedure for CNTs syntheses
- HP:
-
Purified HiPCo CNTs
- HR:
-
Raw HiPCo CNTs
- LOEC:
-
Lowest observed effect concentration
- m-SWCNTs:
-
Metallic SWCNTs
- MWCNTs:
-
Multi-walled CNTs
- NC:
-
Nanoceria
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NOEC:
-
No effect concentration
- NOM:
-
Natural organic matter
- P2-P:
-
Purified CNTs synthesized via electric arc-discharge
- P2-R:
-
Raw CNTs synthesized via electric arc-discharge
- PAH:
-
Poly(allylamine hydrochloride)
- PBRs:
-
Photobioreactors
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PGA:
-
Poly-glycolic acid
- PLA:
-
Poly-lactic acid
- PLGA:
-
Poly-lactic glycolic acid
- PUFAs:
-
ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RSNO:
-
S-nitrosothiol
- SC:
-
Sodium cholate
- SDBS:
-
Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecylsulfonate
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SG65-P:
-
CNTs synthesized via CoMoCAT process and purified by acidic treatment
- SWCNT-NC:
-
SWCNT conjugated with nanoceria
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-walled CNTs
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
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Acknowledgments
AM, GR, MDL, SO, TA and TL are supported by Joint Research Project 2015-2017 between CNR-Italy and RFBR-Russia (NANOBIO project). AM, ET, GR and MDL are supported by Grant of COST Action TD1102. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is Europe’s longest-running intergovernmental framework for cooperation in science and technology funding cooperative scientific projects called ‘COST Actions’. With a successful history of implementing scientific networking projects for over 40 years, COST offers scientists the opportunity to embark upon bottom-up, multidisciplinary and collaborative networks across all science and technology domains. For more information about COST, please visit www.cost.eu. ET is also supported by Academy of Finland and by Nordic Energy Research (AquaFEED project). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
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Lambreva, M.D., Lavecchia, T., Tyystjärvi, E. et al. Potential of carbon nanotubes in algal biotechnology. Photosynth Res 125, 451–471 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0168-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0168-z