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The relationship between vernalization-and photoperiodically-regulated genes and the development of frost tolerance in wheat and barley

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  • Published:
Biologia Plantarum

Abstract

The review summarizes the level of current knowledge of impacts of vernalization and photoperiod on the induction and maintenance of frost tolerance (FrT) in wheat and barley. The phenomenon of vernalization is briefly described and the major vernalization (VRN) loci are characterised. Vernalization requirement and the three major growth habits of Triticeae (facultative, winter and spring) are defined on the basis of the two-locus VRN-2/VRN-1 epistatic model. Major photoperiodically regulated genes, which influence the transition to flowering, are characterised and their interactions with VRN genes are briefly discussed. The phenomenon of induction of FrT during the process of cold acclimation (CA) is described and the major cold-induced Cor/Lea genes are listed. Important regulatory mechanisms, i.e., CBF pathway, controlling the expression of Cor/Lea genes under cold, are discussed. The major loci affecting the development of FrT in Triticeae, the Fr loci, are characterised. In conclusion, current progress in this research field is summarized and new questions arising in the area are formulated.

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Abbreviations

aa:

amino acid

ABA:

abscisic acid

AP1 :

apetala 1 (gene)

CA:

cold acclimation

CBF :

C-repeat binding factor (gene)

CO :

constans (gene)

Cor/Lea :

cold-regulated/late embryogenesis abundant (genes)

Dhn :

dehydrin (gene)

FLC :

FLOWERING LOCUS C (gene)

Fr :

frost-resistance locus(i)

FrT:

frost tolerance

FT :

FLOWERING LOCUS T (gene)

ICE-1 :

inducer of CBF expression 1 (gene)

LD:

long day

LT:

low temperature

LT50 :

lethal temperature when 50 % of the samples die

Mr:

relative molecular mass

NIL:

near isogenic line

pI:

protein isoelectric point

Ppd :

photoperiod locus(i)

PRR :

pseudo-response regulator (gene)

QTL:

quantitative trait locus(i)

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SD:

short day

SDS-PAGE:

sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

TF:

transcription factor

VRN :

vernalization (gene)

Vrn :

a dominant allele of VRN gene

vrn :

a recessive allele of VRN gene

Wcor :

wheat cold-regulated (gene)

Wcs :

wheat cold-specific (gene)

Wrab :

wheat response-to-ABA (gene)

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  1. Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-16106, Prague 6-Ruzyně, Czech Republic

    K. Kosová, I. T. Prášil & P. Vítámvás

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  1. K. Kosová
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  2. I. T. Prášil
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  3. P. Vítámvás
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Kosová, K., Prášil, I.T. & Vítámvás, P. The relationship between vernalization-and photoperiodically-regulated genes and the development of frost tolerance in wheat and barley. Biol Plant 52, 601–615 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-008-0120-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-008-0120-6

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