Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Patterns of ambulatory dispersal in Tetranychus urticae can be associated with host plant specialization

  • Published:
Experimental and Applied Acarology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Dispersal can be an essential factor affecting the biological control of pests. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous species that may reach the pest status in many cropping systems including clementine orchards, where it may be found both in the trees and the associated flora. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the use of a ground cover of Festuca arundinacea Schreber (Poaceae) offered a better regulation of T. urticae populations than traditional alternatives (bare soil, multifloral wild cover). Therefore, we decided to study the ambulatory dispersal of mites crawling up and down tree trunks in a clementine mandarin orchard grown in association with a F. arundinacea cover for one season. The highest ambulatory migration rate was upward from the cover to the canopy. Multivariate regressions showed that the dynamics of T. urticae populations in the trees was strongly related to that of Phytoseiidae mites, their main natural predators. Surprisingly, canopy populations were not related to those on the ground cover or to those dispersing from it. When T. urticae individuals collected from the ground cover, the tree trunk, and the canopy were subjected to molecular analyses, the optimal number of genetic clusters (demes) was two. One cluster grouped individuals dispersed from the ground cover (e.g. collected on tree trunks) and 27.5 % of individuals collected in the ground cover. The second cluster grouped all the individuals collected from trees and 72.5 % of those collected in the cover. Interestingly, none of the individuals collected from the tree canopies was grouped with the first deme. This result may be taken as indicative that grass-adapted T. urticae individuals are unable to satisfactorily colonize and establish on the trees and provides evidence that host adaptation can hamper dispersal and establishment of the ground cover deme on trees, contributing to a better natural regulation of this pest species in citrus.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abad-Moyano R, Pina T, Dembilio O, Ferragut F, Urbaneja A (2009) Survey of natural enemies of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in citrus orchards in Eastern of Spain. Exp Appl Acarol 47:49–61. doi:10.1007/s10493-008-9193-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal AA, Vala F, Sabelis MW (2002) Induction of preference and performance after acclimation to novel hosts in a phytophagous spider mite: adaptive plasticity? Am Nat 159:553–565. doi:10.1086/339463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Ibáñez-Gual MV, Pascual-Ruiz S, Hurtado M, Jacas JA (2011a) Effect of ground-cover management on spider mites and their phytoseiid natural enemies in clementine mandarin orchards (I): bottom-up regulation mechanisms. Biol Control 59:158–170. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Ibáñez-Gual MV, Pascual-Ruiz S, Hurtado M, Jacas JA (2011b) Effect of ground-cover management on spider mites and their phytoseiid natural enemies in clementine mandarin orchards (II): top-down regulation mechanisms. Biol Control 59:171–179. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.06.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Pascual-Ruiz S, Hurtado-Ruiz M, Jacas JA (2011c) Efficacy and economics of ground cover management as a conservation biological control strategy against Tetranychus urticae in clementine mandarin orchards. Crop Prot 30:1328–1333. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2011.05.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Pina T, Gómez-Martínez MA, Hurtado MA, Jacas JA (2012) Does host adaptation of Tetranychus urticae populations in clementine orchards with a Festuca arundinacea cover contribute to a better natural regulation of this pest mite? Entomol Exp Appl 144:181–190. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2012.01276.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agut B, Gamir J, Jacas JA, Hurtado M, Flors V (2014) Different metabolic and genetic responses in citrus may explain relative susceptibility to Tetranychus urticae. Pest Manag Sci 70:1728–1741. doi:10.1002/ps.3718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agut B, Gamir J, Jaques JA, Flors V (2015) Tetranychus urticae-triggered responses promote genotype-dependent conspecific repellence or attractiveness in citrus. New Phytol 207:790–804. doi:10.1111/nph.13357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akaike H (1973) Maximum likelihood identification of Gaussian autoregressive moving average models. Biometrika 60:255–265. doi:10.1093/biomet/60.2.255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alonzo H (2002) State-dependent habitat selection games between predators and prey: the importance of behavioral interactions and expected lifetime reproductive success. Evol Ecol Res 4:759–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailly X, Migeon A, Navajas M (2004) Analysis of microsatellite variation in the spider mite pest Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) reveals population genetic structure and raises questions about ecological factors. Biol J Linnean Soc 82:69–78. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00316.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begon M, Harper JL, Townsend CR (1996) Ecology: individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Belkhir K, Borsa P, Chikhi L, Raufaste N, Bonhomme F (2004) GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows™ pour la génétique des populations. Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5171, Montpellier: Université de Montpellier II

  • Bolker B, Holyoak M, Krivan V, Rowe L, Schmitz O (2003) Connecting theoretical and empirical studies of traitmediated interactions. Ecology 84:1101–1114. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1101:CTAESO]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broström G, Holmberg H (2011) glmmML: generalized linear models with clustering. R package version 0.81-8

  • Carbonnelle S, Hance T, Migeon A, Baret P, Cros-Arteil S, Navajas M (2007) Microsatellite markers reveal spatial and genetic structure of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. Exp Appl Acarol 41:225–241. doi:10.1007/s10493-007-9068-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clotuche G, Mailleux AC, Fernandez AA, Deneubourg JL, Detrain C, Hance T (2011) The formation of collective silk balls in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. PLoS ONE 6:e18854. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018854

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clotuche G, Navajas M, Mailleux AC, Hance T (2013) Reaching the ball or missing the flight? Collective dispersal in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. PLoS ONE 8:e77573. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077573

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croft BA, Jung C (2001) Phytoseiid dispersal at plant to regional levels: a review with emphasis on management of Neoseiulus fallacis in diverse agroecosystems. Exp Appl Acarol 25:763–784. doi:10.1023/A:1020406404509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dermauw W, Wybouw N, Rombauts S, Menten B, Vontas J, Grbić M, Clarkh RM, Feyereisen R, Van Leeuwen T (2013) A link between host plant adaptation and pesticide resistance in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Proc Nat Acad Sci PNAS 110:E113–E122. doi:10.1073/pnas.1213214110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dingle H (1996) Migration. The biology of life on the move. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunley JE, Croft BA (1992) Dispersal and gene flow of pesticide resistance traits in phytoseiid and tetranychid mites. Exp Appl Acarol 14:313–326. doi:10.1007/BF01200570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14:2611–2620. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fellous S, Angot G, Orsucci M, Migeon A, Auger P, Olivieri I, Navajas M (2014) Combining experimental evolution and field population assays to study the evolution of host range breadth. J Evol Biol 27:911–919. doi:10.1111/jeb.12362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferragut F, Santonja MC (1989) Taxonomía y distribución de los ácaros del género Tetranychus Dufour 1832 (Acari: Tetranychidae) en España. Bol San Veg Plagas 15:271–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox J, Andronic L, Ash M, Boye T, Calza S, Chang A, et al (2009) Rcmdr: R Commander. R package version 1.5-4

  • Fry JD (1990) Trade-offs in fitness on different hosts: evidence from a selection experiment with a phytophagous mite. Am Nat 136:569–580. doi:10.1086/285116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge C, Sun J-T, Cui Y-N, Hong X-Y (2013) Rapid development of 36 polymorphic microsatellite markers for Tetranychus truncatus by transferring from Tetranychus urticae. Exp Appl Acarol 61:195–2012. doi:10.1007/s10493-013-9684-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grafton-Cardwell EE, Granett J, Normington SM (1991) Influence of dispersal from almonds on the population dynamics and acaricide resistance frequencies of spider mites infesting neighboring cotton. Exp Appl Acarol 10:187–212. doi:10.1007/BF01198650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grbić M, van Leeuwen T, Clark RM, Rombauts S, Rouze P, Grbić V, Osborne EJ et al (2011) The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations. Nature 479:487–492. doi:10.1038/nature10640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez J (1985) Mounting techniques. In: Helle W, Sabelis M (eds) Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1A. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 351–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardman JM, Jensen KI, Franklin JL, Moreau DL (2005) Effects of dispersal, predators (Acari: Phytoseiidae), weather, and ground cover treatments on populations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in apple orchards. J Econ Entomol 98:862–874. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardman JM, Franklin JL, Bostanian NJ, Thistlewood HMA (2011) Effect of the width of the herbicide strip on mite dynamics in apple orchards. Exp Appl Acarol 53:215–234. doi:10.1007/s10493-010-9397-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilias A, Vontas J, Tsagkarakou A (2014) Global distribution and origin of target site insecticide resistance mutations in Tetranychus urticae. Insect Biochem Molec Biol 48:17–28. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.02.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaques JA, Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Hurtado-Ruiz MA, Pina T (2015) Food web engineering to enhance biological control of T. urticae by phytoseiid mites in citrus. In: Carrillo D, Moraes GJ, Peña JE (eds) Prospects for biological control of plant feeding mites and other harmful organisms. Progress in biological control, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 251–269. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15042-0_10

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy GG, Smitley DR (1985) Dispersal. In: Helle W, Sabelis MW (eds) Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1A. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 233–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Tsao R, Peterson C, Coats JR (1997) Insecticidal activity of monoterpenoids to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae), and house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol 90:883–892. doi:10.1093/jee/90.4.883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Margolies DC (1994) Responses to direct and indirect selection on aerial dispersal behaviour in Tetranychus urticae. Heredity 72:10–22. doi:10.1038/hdy.1994.2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Chen X-L, Hong XY (2009) Population genetic structure of Tetranychus urticae and its sibling Species species Tetranychus cinnabaribus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in China as inferred from microsatellite data. Ann Entomol Soc Am 102:674–683. doi:10.1603/008.102.0412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima SL (2002) Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 17:70–75. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02393-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luttbeg B, Kerby JL (2005) Are scared prey as good as dead? Trends Ecol Evol 20:416–418. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhães S, Forbes MR, Skororacka A, Osakabe M, Chevillon C, McCoy KD (2007) Host race formation in the Acari. Exp Appl Acarol 42:225–238. doi:10.1007/s10493-007-9091-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margolies DC (1995) Evidence of selection on spider mite dispersal rates in relation to habitat persistence in agroecosystems. Entomol Exp Appl 76:105–108. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01950.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margolies DC, Kennedy GG (1985) Movement of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, among hosts in a corn-peanut agroecosystem. Entomol Exp Appl 37:55–61. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03452.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marinosci C, Magalhães S, Macke E, Navajas M, Carbonell D, Devaux C, Olivieri I (2015) Effects of host plant on life-history traits in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Ecol Evol 5:3151–3158. doi:10.1002/ece3.1554

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry JA, Croft BA (1997) Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 42:291–321. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nachman G (1988) Regional persistence of locally unstable predator/prey populations. Exp Appl Acarol 5:293–318. doi:10.1007/BF02366099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navajas MJ, Thistlewood HMA, Lagnel J, Hughes C (1998) Microsatellite sequences are under-represented in two mite genomes. Insect Mol Biol 7:249–256. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.1998.00066.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navajas M, Tsagkarakov A, Lagnel J, Perrot-Minnot MJ (2000) Genetic differentiation in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): polymorphism, host races or sibling species? Exp Appl Acarol 24:365–376. doi:10.1023/A:1006432604611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navajas M, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Lagnel J, Migeon A, Bourse T, Cornuet JM (2002) Genetic structure of a greenhouse population of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae: spatio-temporal analysis with microsatellite markers. Insect Mol Biol 11:157–165. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00320.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura S, Hinomoto N, Takafuji A (2003) Isolation, characterization, inheritance and linkage of microsatellite markers in Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 31:93–103. doi:10.1007/s10493-005-0410-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Ruiz S, Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Ibáñez-Gual V, Hurtado-Ruiz MA, Martínez-Ferrer MT, Jacas JA (2014a) Economic threshold for Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in clementine mandarins Citrus clementina. Exp Appl Acarol 62:337–362. doi:10.1007/s10493-013-9744-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual-Ruiz S, Gómez-Martinez MA, Ansaloni T, Segarra-Moragues JG, Sabater-Muñoz B, Jacas JA, Hurtado-Ruiz MA (2014b) Genetic structure of a phytophagous mite species affected by crop practices: the case of Tetranychus urticae in clementine mandarins. Exp Appl Acarol 62:477–498. doi:10.1007/s10493-013-9755-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peacor SD, Werner EE (2001) The contribution of trait mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator. Proc Nat Acad Sci PNAS 98:3904–3908. doi:10.1073/pnas.071061998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preisser EL, Bolnick DI, Benard MF (2005) Scared to death? Effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86:501–509. doi:10.1890/04-0719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price PW (1984) Insect ecology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Relyea RA (2003) How prey respond to combined predators: a review and an empirical test. Ecology 84:1827–1839. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1827:HPRTCP]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousset F (2008) GENEPOP 007: a complete re-implementation of the GENEPOP software for Windows and Linux. Mol Ecol Res 8:103–106. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater-Muñoz B, Pascual-Ruiz S, Gómez-Martínez MA, Jacas JA, Hurtado MA (2012) Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Tetranychus urticae and cross amplification in other Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae species of economic importance. Exp Appl Acarol 57:37–51. doi:10.1007/s10493-012-9529-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sih A (1987) Prey refuges and predator-prey stability. Theor Popul Biol 31:1–12. doi:10.1016/0040-5809(87)90019-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smitley DR, Kennedy GG (1988) Aerial dispersal of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) from field corn. Exp Appl Acarol 5:33–46. doi:10.1007/BF02053815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strong WB, Slone DH, Croft BA (1999) Hops as a metapopulation landscape for tetranychid phytoseiid interactions: perspectives of intra- and interplant dispersal. Exp Appl Acarol 23:581–597. doi:10.1023/A:1006208218771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uesugi R, Osakabe MH (2007) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Mol Ecol Notes 7:290–292. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01583.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uesugi R, Kunimoto Y, Osakabe M (2009a) The fine-scale genetic structure of the two-spotted spider mite in a commercial greenhouse. Exp Appl Acarol 47:99–109. doi:10.1007/s10493-008-9201-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uesugi R, Sasawaki T, Osakabe M (2009b) Evidence of a high level of gene flow among apple trees in Tetranychus urticae. Exp Appl Acarol 49:281–290. doi:10.1007/s10493-009-9267-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern applied statistics with S, 4th edn. Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-21706-2

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Walzer A, Moder K, Schausberger P (2009) Spatiotemporal within-plant distribution of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae and associated specialist and generalist predators. Bull Entomol Res 99:457–466. doi:10.1017/S0007485308006494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38:1358–1370. doi:10.2307/2408641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weldon PJ, Carroll JF, Kramer M, Bedoukian RH, Coleman RE, Bernier UR (2011) Anointing chemicals and hematophagous arthropods: responses by ticks and mosquitoes to Citrus (Rutaceae) peel exudates and monoterpene components. J Chem Ecol 37:348–359. doi:10.1007/s10886-011-9922-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wybouw N, Zhurov V, Martel C, Bruinsma KA, Hendrickx F, Grbić V, van Leeuwen T (2015) Adaptation of a polyphagous herbivore to a novel host plant extensively shapes the transcriptome of herbivore and host. Mol Ecol. doi:10.1111/mec.13330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuur A, Ieno EN, Walker N, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6

Download references

Acknowledgments

To M.A. Gómez-Martínez (UJI) for advice on molecular biology techniques. This research was partially funded by the Spanish Plan Nacional R + D (AGL2008-05,287-C04/AGR and AGL2011-30538-C03-01). JGS-M was supported by a “Ramón y Cajal” postdoctoral contract from MICINN.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Unitat Associada d’Entomologia Agrícola UJI – Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (IVIA), Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain

    E. Aguilar-Fenollosa, J. Rey-Caballero, J. M. Blasco, M. A. Hurtado & J. A. Jaques

  2. Departament d’Hortofruticultura, Botànica i Jardineria (HBJ), Grup de Malherboligia i Ecología Vegetal, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Avda Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain

    J. Rey-Caballero

  3. Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, Avda. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain

    J. G. Segarra-Moragues

Authors
  1. E. Aguilar-Fenollosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Rey-Caballero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. M. Blasco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. G. Segarra-Moragues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. A. Hurtado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. A. Jaques
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Aguilar-Fenollosa.

Additional information

Formerly known as J. A. Jacas.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 3382 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Aguilar-Fenollosa, E., Rey-Caballero, J., Blasco, J.M. et al. Patterns of ambulatory dispersal in Tetranychus urticae can be associated with host plant specialization. Exp Appl Acarol 68, 1–20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-015-9969-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-015-9969-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation