Abstract
Wetlands provide various valuable ecosystem services and play a significant role in water supplies, livelihoods, and irrigation of farmlands. Keeping in view the growing pollution and anthropogenic stresses on aquatic ecosystems, we assessed pollution sources in three urban wetlands of Srinagar, India. Environmetric techniques, such as two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to interpret the huge datasets for meaningful deliverables. The water quality (WQ) parameters were assessed at 22 different sites well distributed within the three wetlands. The WQ dataset comprises of 11,616 observations collected from January 2018 to February 2020 across 8 seasons. Two-way ANOVA grouping of variables (wetlands and seasons) showed significant (p < 0.05) interaction on WQ parameters such as water temperature, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, NH4-N, NO2−-N, and NO3−-N. HCA generated 2 major (high and moderate) clusters based on the similarity of WQ characteristics. Wilk’s λ distribution revealed that independent variables (transparency, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) contribute significantly to the separation of groups and consequently indicate their greater discriminant ability. PCA resulted in 4 principal components (PCs) with the 1st PC accounting for a cumulative variance of 56.9%, 2nd PC for 17.8%, 3rd PC for 7%, and fourth PC for 5.9%. Factor analysis resulting from PCs showed that the factors responsible for hyper-eutrophication of the wetlands are nutrient inputs resulting due to ingress of agricultural runoff, raw fecal matter from settlements, and partially treated effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs).
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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in this manuscript.
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Acknowledgements
Shahid Ahmad Dar acknowledges the Senior Research Fellowship by University Grants Commission-Maulana Azad National Fellowship (Grant Number: 201819-MANF-2018-19-JAM-90477) for carrying out this study. The authors are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers whose suggestions and comments helped in improving the overall quality of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the University Grants Commission (UGC) New Delhi (Grant Number: 201819-MANF-2018–19-JAM-90477).
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Dar, S.A., Hamid, A., Rashid, I. et al. Identification of anthropogenic contribution to wetland degradation: Insights from the environmetric techniques. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 36, 1397–1411 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02121-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02121-x