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Natural products from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus: mechanisms and impacts

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Abstract

Insects and fungal pathogens pose constant problems to public health and agriculture, especially in resource-limited parts of the world; and the use of chemical pesticides continues to be the main methods for the control of these organisms. Photorhabdus spp. and Xenorhabdus spp., (Fam; Morganellaceae), enteric symbionts of Steinernema, and Heterorhabditis nematodes are naturally found in soil on all continents, except Antarctic, and on many islands throughout the world. These bacteria produce diverse secondary metabolites that have important biological and ecological functions. Secondary metabolites include non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, and/or hybrid natural products that are synthesized using polyketide synthetase (PRS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), or similar enzymes and are sources of new pesticide/drug compounds and/or can serve as lead molecules for the design and synthesize of new alternatives that could replace current ones. This review addresses the effects of these bacterial symbionts on insect pests, fungal phytopathogens, and animal pathogens and discusses the substances, mechanisms, and impacts on agriculture and public health.

Key points

• Insects and fungi are a constant menace to agricultural and public health.

• Chemical-based control results in resistance development.

• Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are compelling sources of biopesticides.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Harry K. Kaya (University of California, Davis, CA, USA) for editing the manuscripts and for his helpful comments.

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  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey, Aydin

    Harun Cimen, Mustapha Touray, Sebnem Hazal Gulsen & Selcuk Hazir

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  1. Harun Cimen
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  2. Mustapha Touray
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  3. Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
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HC, MT, SHG, and SH designed the research and wrote this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Harun Cimen.

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Cimen, H., Touray, M., Gulsen, S.H. et al. Natural products from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus: mechanisms and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106, 4387–4399 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-12023-9

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