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Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins

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Abstract

Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.

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Abbreviations

BDCA-2:

Blood-dendritic cell antigen-2

CG:

Chicken galectin

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CRD:

Carbohydrate recognition domain

DAPI:

4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole

DC-SIGN(R):

Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin(-related protein)

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EGF(R):

Epidermal growth factor (receptor)

Gal:

Galactose

GalNAc:

N-acetylgalactosamine

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

KDO:

3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid

Lac:

Lactose

LacNAc:

N-acetyllactosamine

LSECtin:

Liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin

Man:

Mannose

MBP/L:

Mannose (or mannan)-binding protein/lectin

MGL:

Macrophage galactose(-binding C)-type lectin

MUC1:

Mucin1

OCIL:

Osteoclast inhibitory lectin

PILR:

Paired Ig-like receptors

Siglec:

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

T(F) antigen:

Thomsen(-Friedenreich) antigen

TGF(R):

Transforming growth factor (receptor)

Tn antigen:

T antigen nouvelle

TRPC5:

Transient receptor potential [canonical] channel 5

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Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Drs. B. Friday, R. Gabius, M. Ilsüm, A. Leddoz, A.W.L. Nose and B. Onil for inspiring discussions and the reviewers for their valuable input.

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  1. Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany

    H.-J. Gabius, J. C. Manning, S. André & H. Kaltner

  2. Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    J. Kopitz

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Gabius, HJ., Manning, J.C., Kopitz, J. et al. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 1989–2016 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8

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