Abstract
A common effect of several abiotic stresses is to cause tissue dehydration. Such dehydration is caused by the imbalance between root water uptake and leaf transpiration. Under some specific stress conditions, regulation of root water uptake is more crucial to overcome stress injury than regulation of leaf transpiration. The rate of root water uptake of a given plant is the result of its root hydraulic characteristics, which are ultimately regulated by aquaporin activity and, to some extent, by suberin deposition. Plant-water relations concern how plants control the hydration of their cells, including the collection of water from the soil, its transport within the plant, and its loss by evaporation from the leaves. Flow of water through the plant and soil over macroscopic distances is driven by gradients in hydrostatic pressure. Over microscopic distances (e.g., across semi-permeable membranes), it is driven by gradients in water potential. Evaporation of water from leaves is primarily controlled by stomata and, if not made good by the flow of water from the soil through the plant to the leaves, results in the plants’ wilting. Resistances to this flow are still not well understood. Plant water deficit is initiated as the crop demand for water exceeds the supply. The capacity of plants to meet the demand and thus avoid water deficit depends on their “hydraulic machinery.” This machinery determines the ability to transport sufficient amount of water from the soil to the atmosphere via the stomata in order to provide for transpiration, transpirational cooling, and carbon assimilation. Water is transported by way of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, and it is largely controlled by the resistances in the continuum as determined by root, stem, leaf, stomata, and cuticular hydraulic resistances. The gross effects of deficient and of excessive soil moisture on plant growth are well known, but controversy has existed for many years around the question whether the so-called available moisture is equally available for plant growth or available only with such increasing difficulty that plant growth functions are retarded before the wilting point is reached. Various measurable aspects of plant growth do not respond in the same manner to increasing moisture stress. Crops will respond to irrigations, although measured soil moisture stress is quite low.
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Bhattacharya, A. (2022). Low Temperature Stress and Plant-Water Relationship: A Review. In: Physiological Processes in Plants Under Low Temperature Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9037-2_2
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