This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adler, L. (2000). The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos, 91, 409-420.
Aizen, M.A. (2003). Influences of animal pollination and seed dispersal on winter flowering in a temperate mistletoe. Ecology, 84, 2613-2627.
Aizen, M.A. (2005). Breeding system of Tristerix corymbosus (Loranthaceae), a winter-flowering mistletoe from the southern Andes. Australian Journal of Botany, 53, 357-361.
Aldasoro, J.J., Aedo, C., & Navarro, C. (2000). Insect attracting structures on Erodium petals (Geraniaceae). Plant Biology, 2, 471-481.
Allain, L.K., Zavada, M.S., & Matthews, D.G. (1999).The reproductive biology of Magnolia grandiflora. Rhodora, 101, 143-162.
Almeida, A.M., & Figueiredo, R.A. (2003). Ants visit nectaries of Epidendrum denticulatum (Orchidaceae) in a Brazilian rainforest: effects on herbivory and pollination. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63, 551-558.
Ancibor, E. (1969). Los nectarios florales en Leguminosas-Mimosoideas. Darwiniana, 15, 128-142.
Anderson, G.J. (1995). Plant systematics and reproductive biology. Monographs in Systematic Botany of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 53, 263-272.
Anderson, G.J., Bernardello, G., Crawford, D. & Stuessy, T. (2000a). Reproductive biology of Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae) endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island (Chile). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 223, 109-123.
Anderson, G.J., Bernardello, G., Lopez, P.S., Stuessy, T.F. & Crawford D. (2000b). Dioecy and wind pollination in Pernettya rigida (Ericaceae) of the Juan Fernández Islands. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 132, 121-141.
Anderson, G.J., Bernardello, G., Stuessy, T.F., & Crawford, D. (2001). Breeding systems and pollination of selected plants endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands. American Journal of Botany, 88, 220-233.
Anderson, G.J., & Hill, J.D. (2002). Many to flower, few to fruit: the reproductive biology of Hamamelis virginiana (Hamamelidaceae). American Journal of Botany, 89, 67-78.
Anderson, G.J., Johnson, S.D., Neal, P.R., & Bernardello, G. (2002). Reproductive biology and plant systematics: the growth of a symbiotic association. Taxon, 51, 637-653.
APG [Angiosperm Phylogeny Group] II. (2003). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 399-436.
Arista, M., Oliveira, P.E., Gibbs, P.E., & Talavera, S. (1997). Pollination and breeding system of two co-occurring Hirtella species (Chrysobalanaceae) in Central Brazil. Botanica Acta, 110, 496-502.
Armbruster, W.S. (1996). Evolution of floral morphology and function: an integrated approach to adaptation, constraint, and compromise in Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae). In: D. Lloyd, & S. Barrett (Eds.), Floral biology (pp. 241-272). New York: Chapman & Hall.
Armbruster, W.S. (1997). Exaptations link the evolution of plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions: a phylogenetic inquiry. Ecology, 78, 1661-1674.
Armstrong, J.E. (1997). Pollination by deceit in nutmeg (Myristica insipida, Myristicaceae): floral displays and beetle activity at male and female trees. American Journal of Botany, 84, 1266-1274.
Aronne, G., Wilcock, C.C., & Pizzolongo, P. (1993). Pollination biology and sexual differen-tiation of Osyris alba (Santalaceae) in the Mediterranean region. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 188, 1-16.
Arroyo, M.T.K. (1981). Breeding systems and pollination biology in Leguminosae. In: R.M. Polhill, & P.H. Raven (Eds.), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2 (pp. 723-770). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Ashton, P.S. (2003). Dipterocarpaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 182-197). Berlin: Springer.
Ashworth, L., & Galetto, L. (1999). Quantitative morpho-anatomical studies of pistillate and staminate flowers of Cucurbita maxima subsp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae). Darwiniana, 37, 187-198.
Bahadur, B., Chaturvedi, A., & Swamy, N.R. (1986). Floral nectaries in some Cucurbitaceae. Journal of Swami Botanical Club, 3, 148-156.
Baker, H.G. (1976). Mistake pollination as a reproductive system with special reference to the Caricaceae. In: J. Burley, & B.T. Styles (Eds.), Tropical trees: variation, breeding and conservation, Linnean Society Symposium Series 2 (pp. 161-169). London: Academic Press.
Bandera, M.C., & Traveset, A. (2006). Breeding system and spatial variation in the pollination biology of the heterocarpic Thymelaea velutina (Thymelaeaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 257, 9-23.
Barrett, S.C.H., Harde, L.D., & Worley, A.C. (1996). The comparative biology of pollination and mating in flowering plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 351, 1271-1280.
Barthlott, W., & Hunt, D.R. (1993). Cactaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 161-196). Berlin: Springer.
Batra, S.W.T. (1999). Native bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in native trees: Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (Cornaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 101, 449-457.
Baum, S.F., Eshed, Y., & Bowman, J.L. (2001). The Arabidopsis nectary is an ABC-independent floral structure. Development, 128, 4657-4667.
Bawa, K.S. (1980). Mimicry of male by female flowers and intra sexual competition for pollinators in Jacaratia dolichaula (Caricaceae). Evolution, 34, 467-474.
Bawa, K.S., & Webb, C.J. (1983). Floral variation and sexual differentiation in Muntingia calabura (Elaeocarpaceae), a species with hermaphrodite flowers. Evolution, 37, 1271-1282.
Bayer, C. (2003). Sarcolaenaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 345-352). Berlin: Springer.
Bayer, C., & Appel, O. (2003). Tropaeolaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 400-404). Berlin: Springer.
Behrens, W.J. (1879). Die Nectarien der Blüthen: anatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen. Flora, 62, 2-11; 17-27; 49-54; 81-90; 113-123; 145-153; 233-247; 305-314; 369-375; 433-457.
Bekker, R.M., & Kwak, M.M. (2005). Life history traits as predictors of plant rarity, with particular reference to hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae. Folia Geobotanica, 40, 231-242.
Bell, C.D., Edwards, E.J., Kim, S.T., & Donoghue, M.J. (2001). Dipsacales phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Harvard Papers in Botany, 6, 481-499.
Bello, M.A., Rudall, P.J., Gonzalez, F., & Fernandez Alonso, J.L. (2004). Floral morphology and development in Aragoa (Plantaginaceae) and related members of the order Lamiales. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, 723-738.
Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B.F. (1975a). Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Part 1. Introduction, Parnassioideae, and Brexioideae. American Journal of Botany, 62, 176-185.
Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B.F. (1975b). Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Part 2. Saxifragoideae and Iteoideae. American Journal of Botany, 62, 661-675.
Bensel, C.R., & Palser, B.F. (1975c). Floral anatomy in the Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Part 3. Kirengeshomoideae, Hydrangeoideae, and Escallonioideae. American Journal of Botany, 62, 676-687.
Bentley, B.L. (1977a). The protective function of ants visiting the extrafloral nectaries of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae). Journal of Ecology, 65, 27-38.
Bentley, B.L. (1977b). Extrafloral nectaries and protection by pugnacious bodyguards. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 8, 407-427.
Bernardello, G., Aguilar, R., & Anderson, G.J. (2004). The reproductive biology of Sophora fernandeziana (Fabaceae), a vulnerable endemic species from Isla Robinson Crusoe. American Journal of Botany, 91, 198-213.
Bernardello, G., Anderson, G.J., Cleland, M., Lopez, P.S., Stuessy, T., & Crawford, D. (1999). Reproductive biology of Lactoris fernandeziana (Lactoridaceae). American Journal of Botany, 86, 829-840.
Bernardello, G., Anderson, G.J., Stuessy, T.F., & Crawford, D. (2002). A survey of floral traits, breeding systems, floral visitors, and pollination systems of the angiosperms of the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile). Botanical Review, 67, 255-308.
Bernardello, G., Galetto, L., & Anderson, G.J. (2000). Floral nectary structure and nectar chemical composition of some species from Robinson Crusoe Island (Chile). Canadian Journal of Botany, 78, 862-872.
Bernardello, G., Galetto, L., & Juliani, H.R. (1993). Néctar, nectario y visitantes florales en Phytolacca dioica (Phytolaccaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 16, 9-15.
Bernardello, L. (1986). Estudios en Lycium (Solanaceae). V. El gineceo de Lycieae. Kurtziana, 18, 23-45.
Bernardello, L. (1987). Comparative floral morphology in Lycieae (Solanaceae). Brittonia, 39, 112-129.
Bernardello, L., Galetto, L., & Juliani, H.R. (1991). Floral nectar, nectary structure and polli-nators in some Argentinean Bromeliaceae. Annals of Botany, 67, 401-411.
Bernardello, L., Galetto, L., & Rodríguez, I.G. (1994). Reproductive biology, variability of nectar features, and pollination of Combretum fruticosum (Combretaceae) in Argentina. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 293-308.
Bernhard, A. (1999a). Floral structure and development of Ceratiosicyos laevis (Achariaceae) and its systematic position. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, 103-113.
Bernhard, A. (1999b). Flower structure, development, and systematics in Passifloraceae and in Abatia (Flacourtiaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160, 135-150.
Bernhardt, P., Sage, T., Weston, P., Azuma, H., Lam, M., Thien, L.B., & Bruhl, J. (2003). The pollination of Trimenia moorei (Trimeniaceae): floral volatiles, insect/wind pollen vectors and stigmatic self-incompatibility in a basal angiosperm. Annals of Botany, 92, 445-458.
Bhaskar, V. (1992). Pollination biology and fertilization in Santalum album L. (Santalaceae). Flora, 187, 73-78.
Bino, R.J., Dafni, A., & Meeuse, A.D.J. (1984a). Entomophily in the dioecious gymnosperm Ephedra aphylla Forsk. (=E. alte C. A. Mey.), with some notes on E. campylopoda C. A. Mey. I. Aspects of the entomophilous syndrome. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Ser C 87, 1-13.
Bino, R.J., Devente, N., & Meeuse, A.D.J. (1984b). Entomophily in the dioecious gymno-sperm Ephedra aphylla Forsk. (=E. alte C. A. Mey.), with some notes on E. campylopoda C. A. Mey. II. Pollination droplets, nectaries, and nectarial secretion in Ephedra. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Ser C 87, 15-24.
Bino, R.J., & Meeuse, D.J. (1981). Entomophily in dioecious species of Ephedra. A preliminary report. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 30, 151-153.
Bisby, F.A. (1981). Genisteae (Adns.) Beneth. In: R.M. Polhill, & P.H. Raven (Eds.), Advances in legume systematics, Part I (pp. 409-425). Kew: Royal Botanical Gardens.
Blionis, G.J., & Vokou, D. (2005). Reproductive attributes of Campanula populations from Mt Olympos, Greece. Plant Ecology, 178, 77-88.
Böhme, S. (1988). Bromelienstudien. III. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu Bau, Lage und Systematischer Verwertbarkeit der Septalnektarien von Bromeliaceen. Akademie der Wissench-aften und der Literatur, Mathematisch-Naturwissenchafliche Klasse Mainz, 62, 1-154.
Boiteau, P., & Allorge, L. (1978). Morphologie et biologie florales des Apocynacées: I. Différences essentielles entre les Plumérioidées et les Tabernaemontanoidées. Adansonia, serie 2, 17, 305-326.
Bonnier, G. (1879). Les nectaires: étude critique, anatomique et physiologique. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, serie 6, 8, 5-212.
Bory, G., & Clair-Maczulajtys, D. (1982). Morphology, structure and ontogeny of the floral nectaries of Ailanthus glandulosa. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60, 818-824.
Box, M.S., & Rudall, P.J. (2006). Floral structure and ontogeny in Globba (Zingiberaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 258, 107-122.
Bowman, J.L., & Smyth, D.R. (1999). Crabs Claw, a gene that regulates carpel and nectary development in Arabidopsis, encodes a novel protein with zinc finger and helix-loop-helix domains. Development, 126, 2387-2396.
Bradford, J.C., Fortune Hopkins, H.C., & Barnes, R.W. (2004). Cunoniaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 91-111). Berlin: Springer.
Brantjes, N.B.M. (1982). Pollen placement and reproductive isolation between two Brazilian Polygala species (Polygalaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 141, 41-52.
Brett, J.F., & Posluszny, U. (1982). Floral development in Caulophyllum thalictroides (Berberidaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 60, 2133-2141.
Brochmann, C., Lobin, W., Sundling, P., & Stabbetorp, O. (1995). Parallel ecoclinal evolution and taxonomy of Frankenia (Frankeniaceae) in the Cape Verde Islands, W. Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany, 15, 603-623.
Brown, D.K., & Kaul, R.B. (1981). Floral structure and mechanism in Loasaceae. American Journal of Botany, 68, 361-372.
Brown, E.G.S. (1935). The floral mechanism of Saurauia subspinosa Anth. Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 31, 485-497.
Brown, H.D. (1961). Nectar and nectar glands. New York: Scholar’s Library. the American Philosophical Society, 79, 549-595.
Buban, T., Orosz Kovacs, Z., & Farkas, A. (2003). The nectary as the primary site of infection by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.: a mini review. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 183-194.
Buchmann, S.L. (1983). Buzz pollination in angiosperms. In: C.E. Jones, & R.J. Little (Eds.), Handbook of experimental biology (pp. 73-117). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Bugg, R.L. (1987). Observations on insects associated with a nectarbearing Chilean tree Quillaja saponaria Molina (Rosaceae). Pan Pacific Entomologist, 63, 60-64.
Bullock, S.H. (1994). Wind pollination in neotropical dioecious trees. Biotropica, 26, 172-179.
Bustos Singer, R., & Cocucci, A.A. (1999). Pollination mechanisms in four sympatric southern Brazilian epidendroideae orchids. Lindleyana, 14, 47-56.
Buzgo, M., & Endress, P.K. (2000). Floral structure and development of Acoraceae and its systematic relationships with basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161, 23-41.
Caddick, L.R., Rudall, P.J., Wilkin, P., Hedderson, T.A.J., & Chase, M.W. (2002). Phylogenetics of Dioscoreales based on combined analyses of morphological and molecular data. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 138, 123-144.
Carafa, A.M., Carratu, G., & Pizzolongo, P. (1992). Anatomical observations on the nucellar apex of Welwitschia mirabilis and the chemical composition of the micropylar drop. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 5, 275-279.
Caris, P., Decraene, L.P.R., Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. (2000). Floral development of three Maesa species, with special emphasis on the position of the genus within Primulales. Annals of Botany, 86, 87-97.
Caris, P., Decraene, L.P.R., Smets, E., & Clinckemaillie, D. (2002). The uncertain systematic position of Symplocos (Symplocaceae): evidence from a floral ontogenetic study. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163, 67-74.
Caris, P.L., & Smets, E.F. (2004). A floral ontogenetic study on the sister group relationship between the genus Samolus (Primulaceae) and the Theophrastaceae. American Journal of Botany, 91, 627-643.
Caris, P., Smets, E., De Coster, K., & Decraene, L.P.R. (2006). Floral ontogeny of Cneorum tricoccon L. (Rutaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 257, 223-232.
Caspary, R. (1848). De nectariis. Bonn: Adolphum Marcum.
Chalcoff, V.R., Aizen, M.A., & Galetto, L. (2006). Nectar concentration and composition of 26 species from the temperate forest of South America. Annals of Botany, 97, 413-421.
Chase, M.W., Rudall, P.J., Fay, M.F., & Stobart, K.L. (2000). Xeronemataceae, a new family of asparagoid lilies from New Caledonia and New Zealand. Kew Bulletin, 55, 865-870.
Chassot, P., Nemomissa, S., Yuan, Y.M., & Kupfer, P. (2001). High paraphyly of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella lineage as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 229, 1-21.
Chesselet, P., Smith, G.F., & van Wyk, A.E. (2002). A new tribal classification of Mesembryanthemaceae: evidence from floral nectaries. Taxon, 51, 295-308.
Christ, P., & Schnepf, E. (1988). Structure and function of nectaries in Asclepiadaceae. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 63, 55-80.
Cocucci, A.A. (1991). Pollination biology of Nierembergia (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 174, 17-36.
Cocucci, A.A. (1999). Evolutionary radiation in neotropical Solanaceae. In: M. Nee, D.E. Symon, R.N. Lester, & J.P. Jessop (Eds.), Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization (pp. 9-22). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Cocucci, A.A., & Galetto, L. (1992). Estudios sobre la presencia del nectario y el sindrome floral en Nicotiana (Solanaceae). Darwiniana, 31, 151-157.
Cocucci, A.A., Galetto, L., & Sersic, A. (1992). The floral syndrome of Caesalpinia gilliesii (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae). Darwiniana, 31, 111-135.
Collins, W.W. (1992). Inheritance of nectary color in Ipomoea trifida. Journal of Heredity, 83, 155-156.
Conran, J.G. (1998). Smilacaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 417-422). Berlin: Springer.
Conran, J.G., & Carolin, R. (2004). Byblidaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 45-49). Berlin: Springer.
Conran, J.G., & Clifford, H.T. (1998a). Luzuriagaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchi-daceae), volume 3 (pp. 365-369). Berlin: Springer.
Conran, J.G., & Clifford, H.T. (1998b). Philesiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchida-ceae), volume 3 (pp. 417-422). Berlin: Springer.
Corbet, S.A. (1978). Bee visits and the nectar of Echium vulgare and Sinapis alba. Ecological Entomology, 3, 25-38.
Cornara, L., Borghesi, B., Caporali, E., Casazza, G., Roccotiello, E., Troiano, G., & Minuto, L. (2005). Floral features and reproductive ecology in Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 250, 157-172.
Cosa, M.T. (1975). Dyschoriste humilis (Acanthaceae): Inflorescencia y flor. Kurtziana, 8, 49-59.
Cosa de Gastiazoro, M.T. (1995). Cambios estructurales en las flores de Phacelia (Phacelieae, Hydrophyllaceae), revelados por la anatomía y la vascularización. Kurtziana, 24, 65-81.
Cox, P.A. (1990). Pollination and the evolution of breeding systems in Pandanaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 77, 816-840.
Cozzolino, S., & Widmer, A. (2005). Orchid diversity: an evolutionary consequence of deception? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 487-494.
Crepet, W.L., & Friis, E.M. (1987). The evolution of insect pollination in angiosperms. In: E.M. Friis, W.G. Chaloner, & P.R. Crane (Eds.), The origin of angiosperms and their biological consequences (pp. 181-202). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crepet, W.L., Friis, E.M., & Nixon, K.C. (1991). Fosil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 333, 187-195.
Cronquist, A. (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cronquist, A. (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd edn. New York: New York Botanical Garden.
Cubas, P., Vincent, C., & Coen, E. (1999). An epigenetic mutation responsible for natural variation in floral symmetry. Nature, 401, 157-161.
Cui, F.D., Zhao, S., & Huang Sheng, F. (2003). Study on developmental anatomy of the floral nectary in Dimocarpus longan. Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao, 23, 1188-1194.
D’Arcy, W.G., & Keating, R.C. (1973). The affinities of Lithophytum: a transfer from Solanaceae to Verbenaceae. Brittonia, 25, 213-225.
Dafni, A. (1984). Mimicry and deception in pollination. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 15, 259-278.
Dafni, H., Lensky, Y., & Fahn, A. (1988). Flower and nectar characteristics of nine species of Labiatae and their influence on honeybee visits. Journal of Apicultural Research, 27, 103-114.
Dahlgren, G. (1992). Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium on the Aegean Islands and adjacent areas nectary types and breeding system. Nordic Journal of Botany, 12, 299-310.
Daumann, E. (1931). Zur Phylogeny der Discusbildungen. Beihefte zum Botanischen Zentralblatt, 48, 183-208.
Daumann, E. (1932). Über postflorale Nektarabscheidung. Beihefte zum botanischen Zentralblatt, 49, 720-734.
Daumann, E. (1959). Zur Kenntnis der Blütennektarium von Aristolochia. Preslia, 31, 359-372.
Daumann, E. (1970). Das Blütennektarium der Monocotyledonen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner systematischen und phylogenetischen Bedeutung. Feddes Repertorium, 80 (7-8), 463-590.
Daumann, E. (1972). On flower morphology and pollination ecology of Merculiaris. Preslia, 44, 308-315.
Daumann, E. (1974). Zur Frage nach dem Vorkommen eines Septalnektariums bei Dicotyledonen. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Blütenmorphologie und Bestäubungsökologie von Buxus L. und Cneorum L. Preslia, 46, 97-109.
Davidson, C. (1973). An anatomical and morphological study of Datiscaceae. Aliso, 8, 49-110.
Davidson, D.W. (1988). Ecological studies of neotropical ant gardens. Ecology, 69, 1138-1152.
Davies, K.L., Stpiczyńska, M., & Gregg, A. (2005). Nectar secreting floral stomata in Maxillaria anceps Ames & C. Schweinf. (Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany, 96, 217-227.
Davies, S.J. (2001). Systematics of Macaranga Sects. Pachystemon and Pruinosae (Euphorbiaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany, 6, 371-448.
Davis, A.R. (1997). Influence of floral visitation on nectar-sugar composition and nectary surface changes in Eucalyptus. Apidologie, 28, 27-42.
Davis, A.R. (2003). Influence of elevated CO2 and ultraviolet-B radiation levels on floral nectar production: a nectary-morphological perspective. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 169-181.
Davis, A.R., Fowke, L.C., Sawhney, V.K., & Low, N.H. (1996). Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and B. napus (Brassicaceae). II. Quantified variability of nectary structure and function in rapid-cycling lines. Annals of Botany, 77, 223-234.
Davis, A.R., & Gunning, B.E.S. (1991). The modified stomata of the floral nectary of Vicia faba L. 2. Stomatal number and distribution as selection criteria for breeding for high nectar sugar production. Acta Horticulturae, 288, 329-334.
Davis, A.R., & Gunning, B.E.S. (1992). The modified stomata of the floral nectary of Vicia faba L. 1. Development, anatomy and ultrastructure. Protoplasma, 166, 134-152.
Davis, A.R., Peterson, R.L., & Shuel, R.W. (1986). Anatomy and vasculature of the floral nectaries of Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 2508-2516.
Davis, A.R., Peterson, R.L., & Shuel, R.W. (1988). Vasculature and ultrastructure of the floral and stipular nectaries of Vicia faba (Leguminosae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 66, 1435-1448.
Davis, A.R., Pylatuik, J.D., Paradis, J.C., & Low, N.H. (1998). Nectar-carbohydrate produc-tion and composition vary in relation to nectary anatomy and location within individual flowers of several species of Brassicaceae. Planta, 205, 305-318.
De Laet, J., Clinckemaillie, D., Jansen, S. & Smets, E. (1995). Floral ontogeny in the Plumbaginaceae. Journal of Plant Research, 108 (1091), 289-304.
De Melo, E., Leite, K.R.B., Franca, F., & Giulietti, A.M. (2003). Morfo-anatomia das flores estaminadas e pistiladas de espécies de Coccolaba P. Browne (Polygonaceae). Iheringia Série Botânica, 58, 215-226.
Debandi, G., Rossi, B., Aranibar, J., Ambrosetti, J.A., & Peralta, I.E. (2002). Breeding system of Bulnesia retama (Gillies ex Hook and Arn.) Gris. (Zygophyllaceae) in the Central Monte Desert (Mendoza, Argentina). Journal of Arid Environments, 51, 141-152.
Decraene, L.P.R. (1990). Morphological studies in Tamaricales I. Floral ontogeny and anatomy of Reaumuria vermiculata L. Beitraege zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 65, 181-203.
Decraene, L.P.R. (2002). Floral development and anatomy of Pentadiplandra (Pentadipland-raceae): a key genus in the identification of floral morphological trends in the core Brassicales. Canadian Journal of Botany, 80, 443-459.
Decraene, L.P.R. (2004). Floral development of Berberidopsis corallina: a crucial link in the evolution of flowers in the core Eudicots. Annals of Botany, 94, 741-751.
Decraene, L.P.R. (2005). Floral developmental evidence for the systematic position of Batis (Bataceae). American Journal of Botany, 92, 752-760.
Decraene, L.P., De Laet, J., & Smets, E.F. (1998). Floral development and anatomy of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae): what is the evidence for a capparalean or sapindalean affinity? Annals of Botany, 82, 273-284.
Decraene, L.P.R., Linder, H.P., Dlamini, T., & Smets, E.F. (2001). Evolution and development of floral diversity of Melianthaceae, an enigmatic Southern African family. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 59-82.
Decraene, L.P.R., Linder, H.P., & Smets, E.F. (2000b). The questionable relationship of Montinia (Montiniaceae): evidence from a floral ontogenetic and anatomical study. American Journal of Botany, 87, 1408-1424.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Miller, A.G. (2004). Floral development and anatomy of Dirachma socotrana (Dirachmaceae): a controversial member of the Rosales. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 249, 111-127.
Decraene, L.P.R., Roels, P., Smets, E.F., & Backlund, A. (1998). The floral development and floral anatomy of Chrysosplenium alternifolium, an unusual member of the Saxifragaceae. Journal of Plant Research, 111, 573-580
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1991a). The floral nectaries of Polygonum sl. and related genera (Pesicarieae and Polygoneae): position, morphological nature and semophylesis. Flora, 185, 165-185.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1991b). Androecium and floral nectaries of Harungana madagascariensis (Clusiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 178, 179-194.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1991c). Morphological studies in Zygophyllaceae I. The floral development and vascular anatomy of Nitraria retusa. American Journal of Botany, 78, 1438-1448.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1995). The floral development of Neurada procumbens L. (Neuradaceae). Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 44, 439-451.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1999a). Similarities in floral ontogeny and anatomy between the genera Francoa (Francoaceae) and Greyia (Greyiaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160, 377-393.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1999b). The floral development and anatomy of Carica papaya (Caricaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 582-598.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (2001). Floral developmental evidence for the systematic relationships of Tropaeolum (Tropaeolaceae). Annals of Botany, 88, 879-892.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F., & Clinckemaillie, D. (2000a). Floral ontogeny and anatomy in Koelreuteria with special emphasis on monosymmetry and septal cavities. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 223, 91-107.
Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F., & De Laet, J. (1996). Morphological studies in Zygophyllaceae: II. The floral development and vascular anatomy of Peganum harmala. American Journal of Botany, 83, 201-215.
Decraene, L.P.R., Yang, T.Y.A., Schols, P., & Smets, E.F. (2002). Floral anatomy and systematics of Bretschneidera (Bretschneideraceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 29-45.
Delpino, F. (1868-1875). Ulteriori osservazione e considerazione sulla dicogamia nel regno vegetale. Atti Della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e dei Museo Civico di Storia et Naturale di Milano, 11, 265-332; 12, 21-141, 179-233; 13, 167-205; 16, 151-349; 17, 266-407.
Deng, Y.B., & Hu, Z.H. (1995). The comparative morphology of the floral nectaries of Cruciferae. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 33, 209-220.
Di Fulvio, T.E. (1997). Morfología y vascularización floral en Hydroleae e Hydrophylleae (Hydrophyllaceae). Kurtziana, 25, 7-34.
Di Fulvio, T.E. (1978). Sobre la vasculatura floral, embriología y cromosomas de Ixorhea tschudiana (Heliotropiaceae). Kurtziana, 11, 75-105.
Di Fulvio, T.E., Cosa, M.T., & Dottori, N. (1997). Morfología y vascularización floral en Turricula, Eriodictyon y Wigandia (Phacelieae, Hydrophyllaceae) en relación con su taxonomía. Kurtziana, 25, 47-66.
Dickinson, W.C. (1986a). Floral morphology and anatomy of Staphyleaceae. Botanical Gazette, 147, 312-326.
Dickinson, W.C. (1986b). Further observations on the floral anatomy and pollen morphology of Oncotheca (Oncothecaceae). Brittonia, 38, 249-259.
Dickinson, W.C. (1990). A study of the floral morphology and anatomy of the Caryocaraceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 117, 123-137.
Dickinson, W.C., & Baas, P. (1977). The morphology and relationships of Paracryphia (Paracryphiaceae). Blumea, 23, 417-438.
Dickinson, W.C., & Miller, R.B. (1993). Morphology and anatomy of the Malagasy genus Physena (Physemaceae), with a discussion of the relationships of the genus. Adansonia, 15, 85-106.
Dickinson, W.C., & Sweitzer, E.M. (1970). The morphology and relationships of Barbeya oleoides. American Journal of Botany, 57, 468-476.
Dickinson, W.C., & Weitzman, A.L. (1998). Floral morphology and anatomy of Bon-netiaceae. Journal of Torrey Botanical Society, 125, 268-286.
Dieringer, G., Cabrera, R.L., Lara, M., Loya, L., & Reyes-Castillo, P. (1999). Beetle pollina-tion and floral thermogenicity in Magnolia tamaulipana (Magnoliaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160, 64-71.
Donaldson, J.S. (1997). Is there a floral parasite mutualism in cycad pollination? The pollination biology of Encephalartos villosus (Zamiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 1398-1406.
Donato, A.M. (1991). Anatomia floral de Chorisia speciosa St. Hil. (Bombacaceae). Bradea, 5 (49), 455-477.
Douglas, A.W., & Tucker, S.C. (1996). Comparative floral ontogenies among Persoonioideae including Bellendena (Proteaceae). American Journal of Botany, 83, 1528-1555.
Doyle, J.A., Eklund, H., & Herendeen, P.S. (2003). Floral evolution in Chloranthaceae: impli-cations of a morphological phylogenetic analysis. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, S365-S382.
Dressler, R.L. (1957). The genus Pedilanthus (Euphorbiaceae). Contributions of the Gray Herbarium, 182, 406-188.
Dressler, R.L. (1990). The orchids: natural history and classification. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Dressler, S. (2004). Marcgraviaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 258-265). Berlin: Springer.
Dukas, R. (1987). Foraging behavior of three bee species in a natural mimicry system: female flowers with mimic male flowers in Ecballium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae). Oecologia, 74, 256-263.
Durkee, L.T. (1987). Ultrastructure of extrafloral nectaries in Aphelandra spp. (Acanthaceae). Proceedings of the lowa Academy of Sciencies, 94, 78.
Dute, R.R., Folkerts, D.R., Watkins, J.E., Saxon, M.E., & Boyd, R.S. (2004). Floral anatomy and pollination biology of Cyrilla racemiflora (Cyrillaceae). Southeastern Naturalist, 3, 309-326.
Ehrenfeld, J. (1976). Reproductive biology of three species of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 63, 406-413.
Elias, T.S. (1983). Extrafloral nectaries: their structure and distribution. In: B.L. Bentley, & T.S. Elias (Eds.), The biology of nectaries (pp. 174-203). New York: Columbia University Press.
Elias, T.S., & Gelband, H. (1975). Nectar: its production and functions in trumpet creeper. Science, 189, 289-291.
Elias, T.S., & Prance, G.T. (1978). Nectaries on the fruit of Crescentia and other Bignoniaceae. Brittonia, 30, 175-181.
Endress, P.K. (1980). The reproductive structures and systematic position of the Austrobaileyaceae. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 101, 393-433.
Endress, P.K. (1986). Floral structure, systematics, and phylogeny in Trochodendrales. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 73, 297-324.
Endress, P.K. (1989). Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the lower Hamamelididae. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 162, 193-212.
Endress, P.K. (1990). Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive angiosperms (Magnoliidae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 55, 5-34.
Endress, P.K. (1993a). Cercidiphyllaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 250-252). Berlin: Springer.
Endress, P.K. (1993b). Hamamelidaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 322-331). Berlin: Springer.
Endress, P.K. (1995). Major evolutionary traits of monocot flowers. In: P.J. Rudall, P.J. Cribb, D.F. Cutler, & C.J. Humphries (Eds.), Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (pp. 43-79). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Endress, P.K. (1996). Structure and function of female and bisexual organ complexes in Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 157 (6 Suppl.), S113-S125.
Endress, P.K. (2001a). Origins of flower morphology. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 291, 105-115.
Endress, P.K. (2001b). The flowers in extant basal angiosperms and inferences on ancestral flowers. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 1111-1140.
Endress, P.K., & Igersheim, A. (2000). The reproductive structures of the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161, S237-S248.
Endress, P.K., & Lorence, D.H. (1983). Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral structure of Tambourissa (Monimiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 143, 53-82.
Endress, P.K., & Lorence, D.H. (2004). Heterodichogamy of a novel type in Hernandia (Hernandiaceae) and its structural basis. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, 753-763.
Erbar, C. (1992). Floral development of two species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) and some remarks on the systematic position of the family Stylidiaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70, 258-271.
Erbar, C. (1993). Studies on the floral development and pollen presentation in Acicarpha tribuloides with a discussion of the systematic position of the family Calyceraceae. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 115, 325-350.
Erbar, C. (1994). Contributions to the affinities of Adoxa from the viewpoint of floral devel-opment. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 116, 259-282.
Erbar, C. (1995). On the floral development of Sphenoclea zeylanica (Sphenocleaceae, Campanu-lales): SEM-investigations on herbarium material. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 117, 469-483.
Erbar, C. (1997). Fieberklee und Seekanee-Enzian-oder Aster-verwandt? Zur Blütenent-wicklung und systematischen Stellung der Menyanthaceae. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 119, 115-135.
Erbar, C., Kusma, S., & Leins, P. (1999). Development and interpretation of nectary organs in Ranunculaceae. Flora, 194, 317-332.
Erbar, C., & Leins, P. (1988). Flower developmental studies in Aralia and Hedera (Araliaceae). Flora, 180, 391-406.
Erbar, C., & Leins, P. (1989). On the early floral development and the mechanisms of secondary pollen presentation in Campanula, Jasione and Lobelia. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 111, 29-56.
Erbar, C., & Leins, P. (1995). An analysis of the early floral development of Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Aiton and some remarks on the systematic position of the family Pittosporaceae. Feddes Repertorium, 106, 463-473.
Erbar, C., & Leins, P. (2004). Hydrostachyaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 216-220). Berlin: Springer.
Erbar, C., Porembski, S., & Leins, P. (2005). Contributions to the systematic position of Hydrolea (Hydroleaceae) based on floral development. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 252, 71-83.
Evans, R.C., & Dickinson, T.A. (2005). Floral ontogeny and morphology in Gillenia (“Spiraeoideae”) and subfamily Maloideae C. Weber (Rosaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 427-447.
Ewert, R. (1932). Die Nektarien in ihrer Bedeutung für Bienenzucht und Landwirtschaft. Leipzig: Liedloff, Loth und Michaelis.
Eyde, R.H. (1968). Flowers, fruits, and phylogeny of Alanginaceae. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 49, 167-192.
Eyde, R.H. (1981). Reproductive structures and evolution in Ludwigia Onagraceae 3. Vasculature, nectaries, conclusions. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, 379-412.
Eyde, R.H. (1982). Evolution and systematics of the Onagraceae. Floral anatomy. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 69, 735-747.
Eyde, R.H. (1988). Comprehending Cornus puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Botanical Review, 54, 233-351.
Fabbri, L., & Valla, J. (1998). Algunos aspectos de la biología reproductiva de Tropaeolum pentaphyllum (Tropaeolaceae). Darwiniana, 36, 51-58.
Faegri, K., & van der Pijl, L. (1979). The principles of pollination ecology, 3rd edn. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Fahn, A. (1949). Studies in the ecology of nectar secretion. Palestine Journal of Botany, Jeru-salem series, 4, 207-224.
Fahn, A. (1953). The topography of the nectary in the flower and its phylogenetic trend. Phytomorphology, 3, 424-426.
Fahn, A. (1979). Secretory tissues in plants. New York: Academic Press.
Fahn, A. (1982). Plant anatomy. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Fahn, A. (1988). Secretory tissues in vascular plants. New Phytologist, 108, 229-258.
Fahn, A. (2000). Structure and function of secretory cells. Advances in Botanical Research, 35, 37-75.
Fahn, A., & Benouaiche, P. (1979). Ultrastructure development and secretion in the nectary of banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) flowers. Annals of Botany, 44, 85-94.
Fahn, A., & Rachmilevitz, T. (1970). Ultrastructure and nectar secretion in Lonicera japonica. In: N.K.B. Robson, D.F. Cutler, & M. Gregory (Eds.), New research in plant anatomy, volume 63 (pp. 51-56). New York: Academic Press.
Fahn, A., & Shimony, C. (2001). Nectary structure and ultrastructure of unisexual flowers of Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. (Cucurbitaceae) and their presumptive pollinators. Annals of Botany, 87, 27-33.
Falcao, P.F., Melo de Pinna, G.F.A., Leal, I.R., & Almeida Cortez, J.S. (2003). Morphology and anatomy of extrafloral nectaries in Solanum stramonifolium (Solanaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, 859-864.
Figueiredo, A.C.S., & Pais, M.S. (1992). Ultrastructural aspects of the nectary spur of Limodorum abortivum (L) Sw. (Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany, 70, 325-331.
Fischer, E. (2004a). Balsaminaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 20-25). Berlin: Springer.
Fischer, E. (2004b). Scrophulariaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 333-432). Berlin: Springer.
Fisel, K.J., & Weberling, F. (1990). Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Blüten von Tovaria pendula Ruiz & Pavon und Tovaria diffusa (Macfad.) Fawcett & Rendle (Tovariaceae). Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 111, 365-388.
Fisher, B.L., & Zimmerman, J.K. (1988). Ant/orchid associations in the Barro Colorado National Monument, Panama. Lindleyana, 3, 12-16.
Fourquin, C., Vinauger-Douard, M., Fogliani, B., Dumas, C., & Scutt, C.P. (2005). Evidence that CRABS CLAW and TOUSLED have conserved their roles in carpel development since the ancestor of the extant angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 4649-4654.
Frame, D., & Durou, S. (2001). Morphology and biology of Napoleonaea vogelii (Lecythidaceae) flowers in relation to the natural history of insect visitors. Biotropica, 33, 458-471.
Frei, E. (1955). Die Innervierung der floralen Nektarien dikotyler Pflanzenfamilien. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 65, 60-114.
Freitas, L., Bernardello, G., Galetto, L., & Paoli, A.A.S. (2001). Nectaries and reproductive biology of Croton sarcopetalus (Euphorbiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 267-277.
Freitas, L., Galetto, L., & Sazima, M. (2006). Pollination by hummingbirds and bees in eight syntopic species and a putative hybrid of Ericaceae in Southeastern Brazil. Plant Systemat-ics and Evolution, 258, 49-61.
Freitas, L., & Sazima, M. (2003). Floral biology and pollination mechanisms in two Viola species—from nectar to pollen flowers? Annals of Botany, 91, 311-317.
French, K., Major, R., & Hely, K. (2005). Use of native and exotic garden plants by suburban nectarivorous birds. Biological Conservation, 121, 545-559.
Frey-Wyssling, A. (1955). The phloem supply to the nectaries. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 4, 358-369.
Frey-Wyssling, A., & Häusermann, E. (1960). Deutung der gestaltlosen Nektarien. Bericht der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 70, 150-162.
Gadek, P.A., Fernando, E.S., Quinn, C.J., Hoot, S.B., Terrazas, T., Sheahan, M.C., & Chase, M.W. (1996). Sapindales: molecular delimitation and infraordinal groups. American Journal of Botany, 83, 802-811.
Gaffal, K., Heimler, W., & El-Gammal, S. (1998). The floral nectary of Digitalis purpurea L., structure and nectary secretion. Annals of Botany, 81, 251-262.
Galen, C. (1999). Why do flowers vary? The functional ecology of variation in flower size and form within natural plant populations. Bioscience, 49, 631-640.
Galetto, L. (1993). El nectario y la composición química del néctar en Plumbago auriculata y P. caerulea (Plumbaginaceae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 29, 67-72.
Galetto, L. (1995a). Nectary structure and nectar characteristics in some Bignoniaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 196, 99-121.
Galetto, L. (1995b). Estructura del nectario y composición química del néctar en cuatro especies de Scrophulariaceae. Kurtziana, 24, 105-118.
Galetto, L. (1995c). Estudios sobre el néctar y los nectarios en Hyaloseris rubicunda y Barnadesia odorata (Asteraceae-Mutisieae). Darwiniana, 33, 127-133.
Galetto, L. (1997). Flower structure and nectar chemical composition in three Argentine Apo-cynaceae. Flora, 192, 197-207.
Galetto, L. (1998). Inflorescence characteristics and chemical composition of nectar in three species of Rubiaceae. Kurtziana, 26, 83-98.
Galetto, L., & Bernardello, G. (1993). Nectar secretion pattern and removal effects in three species of Solanaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71, 1394-1398.
Galetto, L., & Bernardello, G. (2003). Nectar sugar composition in angiosperms from Chaco and Patagonia (Argentina): an animal visitor's matter? Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 69-86.
Galetto, L., & Bernardello, G. (2004). Floral nectaries, nectar production dynamics and chemical composition in six Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) in relation to pollinators. Annals of Botany, 94, 269-280.
Galetto, L., Bernardello, G., Isele, I.C., Vesprini, J., Speroni, G., & Berduc, A. (2000). Reproductive biology of Erythrina cristagalli (Fabaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 87, 127-145.
Galetto, L., Bernardello, G., & Rivera, G. (1997). Nectar, nectaries, flower visitors, and breeding system in some Argentinean Orchidaceae. Journal of Plant Research, 110, 393-403.
Galetto, L., Bernardello, G., & Sosa, C.A. (1998). The relationship between floral nectar composition and visitors in Lycium (Solanaceae) from Argentina and Chile: what does it reflect? Flora, 193, 303-314.
Galetto, L., & Bernardello, L. (1992). Extrafloral nectaries that attract ants in Bromeliaceae: structure and nectar composition. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70, 1101-1106.
Galetto, L., Bernardello, L., & Juliani, H.R. (1990). Acerca del nectario, néctar y visitantes florales en Ligaria cuneifolia (Loranthaceae). Darwiniana, 30, 155-161.
Galetto, L., Bernardello, L., & Juliani, H.R. (1993). Estructura del nectario, composición química del néctar y mecanismo de polinización en tres especies de Siphocampylus (Cam-panulaceae). Kurtziana, 22, 81-96.
Gallant, J.B., Kemp, J.R., & Lacroix, C.R. (1998). Floral development of dioecious staghorn sumac, Rhus hirta (Anacardiaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 159, 539-549.
Galloni, M., & Cristofolini, G. (2003). Floral rewards and pollination in Cytiseae (Fabaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 127-137.
Gelbart, G., & von Aderkas, P. (2002). Ovular secretions as part of pollination mechanisms in conifers. Annals of Forest Science, 59, 345-357.
Gentry, A.H. (1980). Bignoniaceae—Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (pp. 1-130). New York: New York Botanical Garden.
Gentry, A.H. (1982). Bignoniaceae. In: Z.L. Febez, & J.A. Steyermark (Eds.), Flora de Venezuela 8 (pp. 1-130). Caracas: Ediciones Fundación Educación Ambiental.
George, A.S. (2003). Gyrostemonaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 213-217). Berlin: Springer.
Gerrath, J.M., & Posluszny, U. (1994). Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae: VI. Cissus antarctica. Canadian Journal of Botany, 72, 635-643.
Ghazoul, J. (1997). The pollination and breeding system of Dipterocarpus obtusifolius (Dipterocarpaceae) in dry deciduous forests of Thailand. Journal of Natural History, 31, 901-916.
Goldblatt, P., Nanni, I., Bernhardt, P., & Manning, J. (2004). Floral biology of Hesperantha (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): how minor shifts in floral presentation change the pollination system. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91, 186-206.
Gonzalez, A.M. (2001). Nectarios y vascularización floral de Piriqueta y Turnera (Turneraceae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 36, 47-68.
Gopinathan, K., & Varatharajan, R. (1982). On the morphology, topography and the significance of stomata on floral nectaries of some Compositae. Phytomorphology, 32, 265-269.
Gottsberger, G. (1991). Pollination of some species of the Carludovicoideae, and remarks on the origin and evolution of the Cyclanthaceae. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 113, 221-235.
Gottsberger, G., Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., & Ehrendorfer, F. (1980). Reproductive biology in the primitive relic angiosperm Drimys brasilensis (Winteraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 135, 11-39.
Gracie, C. (1991). Observation of dual function of nectaries in Ruellia radicans (Nees) Lindau (Acanthaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 118, 188-190.
Graham, S.A., Hall, J., Sytsma, K., & Shi, S. (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of the Lythraceae based on four gene regions and morphology. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 995-1017.
Grant, V., & Grant, K.A. (1965). Flower pollination in the Phlox family. New York: Columbia University Press.
Green, P.S. (2004). Oleaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 296-306). Berlin: Springer.
Gulyás, S., & Pesti, J. (1966). Angaben zur Anatomie der Nektarien der Centaureae. Acta Biologica Szeged, 12, 17-25.
Gustafsson, M.H., & Bittrich, V. (2002). Evolution of morphological diversity and resin secretion in flowers of Clusia L. (Clusiaceae): insights from ITS sequence variation. Nordic Journal of Botany, 22, 183-203.
Haber, W.A. (1984). Pollination by deceit in a mass-flowering tropical tree Plumeria rubra (Apocynaceae). Biotropica, 16, 269-275.
Hamann, U. (1998). Philydraceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae), volume 4 (pp. 389-394). Berlin: Springer.
Harrison, C.J., Moller, M., & Cronk, Q.C.B. (1999). Evolution and development of floral diversity in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia. Annals of Botany, 84, 49-60.
Harrison, R.D., Nagamitsu, T., Momose, K., & Inoue, T. (2005). Flowering phenology and pollination of Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) in Borneo. Malayan Nature Journal, 57, 67-80.
Hazle, T., & Canne-Hilliker, J. (2005). Floral ontogeny and allometry of Mimulus cardinalis: interpopulational variation and traits of the hummingbird-pollination syndrome. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 61-83.
Henderson, A. (1986). A review of pollination studies in the Palmae. Botanical Review, 52, 221-259.
Herber, B.E. (2003). Thymelaeaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 373-396). Berlin: Springer.
Herendeen, P.S., Lewis, G.P., & Bruneau, A. (2003). Floral morphology in caesalpinioid legumes: testing the monophyly of the “Umtiza clade”. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, S393-S407.
Herrera, C.M. (1988). Biología y Ecología de Viola cazorensis. I. Variabilidad de caracteres florales. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 45, 233-246.
Herrera, J. (1989). On the reproductive biology of the dwarf palm, Chamaerops humilis in Southern Spain. Principes, 33, 27-32.
Herrera, J. (1991). The reproductive biology of a riparian Mediterranean shrub, Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 106, 147-172.
Hiepko, P. (1966). Zur Morphologie, Anatomie und Funktion des Diskus der Paeoniaceae. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 79, 233-245.
Hodges, S. (1997). Floral nectar spurs and diversification. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158 (6 Suppl.), 81-88.
Hodges, S., & Arnold, M. (1994). Columbines: a geographically widespread species flock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 5129-5132.
Hofmann, M. (1999). Flower and fruit development in the genus Phacelia (Phacelieae, Hydrophyllaceae): characters of systematic value. Systematics and Geography of Plants, 68, 203-212.
Hoppe, J.R. (1985). Development and morphological interpretation of the cyathia glands and their appendages. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 105, 497-581.
Horn, J.W. (2004). The morphology and relationships of the Sphaerosepalaceae (Malvales). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 144, 1-40.
Horner, H.T., Healy, R.A., Cervantes Martinez, T., & Palmer, R.G. (2003). Floral nectary fine structure and development in Glycine max L. (Fabaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, 675-690.
Horvitz, C.C., & Schemske, D.W. (1984). Effects of ants and an ant-tended herbivore on seed production of a neotropical herb. Ecology, 65, 1369-1378.
Hrycan, W.C., & Davis, A.R. (2005). Comparative structure and pollen production of the stamens and pollinator-deceptive staminodes of Commelina coelestis and C. dianthifolia (Commelinaceae). Annals of Botany, 95, 1113-1130.
Huang, S.Q., Guo, Y.H., Pan, M.Q., & Chen, J.K. (1999). Floral syndrome and insect pollination of Liriodendron chinense. Acta Botanica Sinica, 41, 241-248.
Huber, K.A. (1980). Morphologische und entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Blüten und Blűtenständen von Solanaceen und von Nolana paradoxa Lindl. (Nolanaceae). Dissertationes Botanicae, band 55. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
Hufford, L.D. (1989). Structure of the inflorescence and flower of Petalonyx linearis (Loasaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 163, 211-226.
Hufford, L.D. (1990). Androecial development and the problem of monophyly of Loasaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, 68, 402-419.
Hufford, L.H. (2001). Ontogeny and morphology of the fertile flowers of Hydrangea and allied genera of tribe Hydrangeeae (Hydrangeaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 137, 139-187.
Humaña, A.M., & Valdivia, C.E. (2004). Sistema reproductivo en Crinodendron patagua Mol. (Elaeocarpaceae), un arbol endemico de Chile central. Gayana Botanica, 61, 55-59.
Hunziker, A.T. (2001). Genera Solanacearum: the genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. Ruggell, Liechtenstein: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.
Ickert-Bond, S., & Wojciechowski, M. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships in Ephedra (Gnetales), evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data. Systematic Botany, 29, 834-849.
Igersheim, A., Buzgo, M., & Endress, P.K. (2001). Gynoecium diversity and systematics in basal monocots. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 136, 1-65.
Ihlenfeldt, H.D. (1960). Entwicklungsgeschichtliche, morphologische und systematische Untersuchungen an Mesembryanthemen. Feddes Repertorium, 63, 1-104.
Ihlenfeld, H.D. (2004a). Martyniaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 283-288). Berlin: Springer.
Ihlenfeld, H.D. (2004b). Pedaliaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 307-322). Berlin: Springer.
Irwin, R., Adler, L., & Brody, A. (2004). The dual role of floral traits: pollinator attraction and plant defense. Ecology, 85, 1503-1511.
Iyer, H., Subramanian, R.B., & Inamdar, J.A. (1989). Structure, ontogeny and biology of nectaries in Luffa acutangula var. amara. Korean Journal of Botany, 32, 101-108.
Jaeger, P. (1957). Les aspects actuels du probleme de l’entomogamie. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, 104, 352-412.
Jaffe, K., Pavis, C., van Suyt, G., & Kermarrec, A. (1989). Ants visit extrafloral nectaries of the orchid Spathoglotis plicata Blume. Biotropica, 21, 278-279.
Jeffrey, C. (1978). Further notes on Cucurbitaceae. IV. Some new world taxa. Kew Bulletin, 33, 347-380.
Jobst, J., King, K., & Hemleben, V. (1998). Molecular evolution of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Cucurbitaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 9, 204-219.
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F., & Donoghue, M.J. (2002). Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, 2nd edn. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer.
Judd, W.S., & Manchester, S.R. (1997). Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters. Brittonia, 49, 384-405.
Juncosa, A.M., & Tomlinson, P.B. (1987). Floral Development in mangrove Rhizophoraceae. American Journal of Botany, 74, 1263-1279.
Kårehed, J. (2001). Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany, 88, 2259-2274.
Kårehed, J. (2003). The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 1-24.
Kartashova, N.N. (1965). Structure and function of nectaries in dicotyledonous flowering plants. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo Universiteta.
Kato, M. (1993). Floral biology of Nepenthes grasilis (Nepenthaceae) in Sumatra. American Journal of Botany, 80, 924-927.
Kato, M., Inoue, T., & Nagamitsu, T. (1995). Pollination biology of Gnetum (Gnetaceae) in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. American Journal of Botany, 82, 862-868.
Kawagoe, T., & Suzuki, N. (2003). Flower-size dimorphism avoids geitonogamous pollination in a nectarless monoecious plant, Akebia quinata. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, 893-897.
Keeler, K.H. (1979). Species with extrafloral nectaries in a temperate flora (Nebraska). Prairie Naturalist, 11, 33-38.
Keeler, K.H. (1980). The extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea leptophylla (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 67, 216-222.
Keeler, K.H. (1981). Function of Mentzelia nuda (Loasaceae) postfloral nectaries in seed defense. American Journal of Botany, 68, 295-299.
Keeler, K.H., & Kaul, R.B. (1984). Distribution of defense nectaries in Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 71, 1364-1372.
Kerner von Marilaun, A., & Oliver, F. (1895). The natural history of plants—their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution. Half-volume III. London: Blackie & Son.
Kers, L.E. (2003). Capparaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 36-56). Berlin: Springer.
Kessler, P.J.A. (1988). Revision of the genus Orophea blume (Annonaceae). Blumea, 33, 1-80.
Kevan, P.G., Eisikowitch, D., & Rathwell, B. (1989). The role of nectar in the germination of pollen in Asclepias syriaca L. Botanical Gazette, 150, 266-270.
Khaniki, G.B., & Persson, K. (1997). Nectary morphology in South West Asian Fritillaria (Liliaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany, 17, 579-611.
Kiesling, R., & Metzing, D. (2004). An amazing species of Hildewintera (Cactaceae)— characters and systematic position. Cactus and Succulent Journal, 76, 4-12.
Kirchoff, B.K. (1992). Ovary structure and anatomy in the Heliconiaceae and Musaceae (Zingiberales). Canadian Journal of Botany, 70, 2490-2508.
Kjuit, J. (1969). The biology of parasitic flowering plants. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univer-sity of California Press.
Knudsen, J.T., & Mori, S.A. (1996). Floral scents and pollination in Neotropical Lecythidaceae. Biotropica, 28, 42-60.
Knuth, P. (1906-1909). Handbook of flower pollination, 3 volumes. Translated by J.R.A. Davis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kocyan, A., & Endress, P.K. (2001a). Floral structure and development and systematic aspects of some ‘lower’ Asparagales. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 229, 187-216.
Kocyan, A., & Endress, P.K. (2001b). Floral structure and development of Apostasia and Neuwiedia (Apostasioideae) and their relationships to other Orchidaceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 162, 847-867.
Koopman, M., & Ayers, T. (2005). Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). American Journal of Botany, 92, 558-562.
Koptur, S. (1992). Extrafloral nectary-mediated interactions between insects and plants. In: E. Bernays (Ed.), Insectplant interactions, IV (pp. 81-129). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Kosuge, K. (1994). Petal evolution in Ranunculaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution Suppl., 8, 185-191.
Kronestedt, E., & Walles, B. (1986). Anatomy of the Strelitzia reginae flower (Strelitziaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany, 6, 307-320.
Kronestedt, E.C., Robards, A.W., Stark, M., & Olesen, P. (1986). Development of trichomes in the Abutilon nectary gland. Nordic Journal of Botany, 6, 627-640.
Kubitzki, K. (1993a). Lauraceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 318-320). Berlin: Springer.
Kubitzki, K. (1993b). Didieraceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 292-295). Berlin: Springer.
Kubitzki, K. (1993c). Degeneriaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hama-melid and Caryophyllid Families, volume 2 (pp. 290-291). Berlin: Springer.
Kubitzki, K. (2003). Resedaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 334-338). Berlin: Springer.
Kubitzki, K. (2004). Curtisiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 112-113). Berlin: Springer.
Kumari, D.S. (1986). Evolution of floral nectary in Lamiaceae. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Plant Sciences, 96, 281-288.
Kunze, H. (1991). Structure and function in asclepiad pollination. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 176, 227-253.
Kunze, H. (1997). Corona and nectar system in Asclepiadinae (Asclepiadaceae). Flora, 192, 175-183.
Lal, S. (1994). A contribution to the floral anatomy of Cedreleae (Meliaceae). Feddes Repertorium, 105, 449-455.
Larsen, K. (1998). Lowiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae), volume 4 (pp. 275-277). Berlin: Springer.
Laurent, N., Bremer, B., & Bremer, K. (1998). Phylogeny and generic interrelationships of the Stylidiaceae (Asterales), with a possible extreme case of floral paedomorphosis. Systematic Botany, 23, 289-304.
Lee, J.Y., Baum, S.F., Alvarez, J.P.A., Chitwood, D.H., & Bowman, J.L. (2005a). Activation of CRABS CLAW in the nectaries and carpels of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 17, 25-36.
Lee, J.Y., Baum, S.F., Oh, S.H., Jiang, C.Z., Chen, J.C., & Bowman, J.L. (2005b). Recruitment of CRABS CLAW to promote nectary development within the eudicot clade. Development, 132, 5021-5032.
Leins, P., & Erbar, C. (1989). On the floral development and secondary pollen presentation in Selliera radicans Cav. Goodeniaceae. Flora, 182, 43-56.
Leins, P., & Erbar, C. (2004). Hippuridaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 163-166). Berlin: Springer.
Leitao, C.A.E., Meira, R.M.S.A., Azevedo, A.A.A., Silva, K.L.F., & Collevatti, R.G. (2005). Anatomy of the floral, bract, and foliar nectaries of Triumfetta semitriloba (Tiliaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 83, 279-286.
Les, D.H. (1993). Ceratophyllaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 246-250). Berlin: Springer.
Lester, R.N., Francisco-Ortega, J., & Mazin, A.A. (1999). Convergent evolution of heterandry (unequal stamens) in Solanum, proved by sporoderm SEM. In: M. Nee, D.E. Symon, R.N. Lester, & J.P. Jessop (Eds.), Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization (pp. 51-69). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Lidén, M. (1993). Fumariaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 310-318). Berlin: Springer.
Lin, S., & Bernardello, G. (1999). Flower structure and reproductive biology of Aspidosperma quebrachoblanco (Apocynaceae), a tree pollinated by deceit. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160, 869-878.
Linder, H.P. (2004). Stilbaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 433-440). Berlin: Springer.
Link, D.A. (1991). The floral nectaries of Geraniales III. Lepidobotryaceae J. Leonard. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 61, 347-354.
Link, D.A. (1992a). The floral nectaries of the Geraniales and their systematic implications. IV. Ctenolophonaceae Badre. Flora, 187, 103-107.
Link, D.A. (1992b). The floral nectaries in the Irvingiaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 179, 235-243.
Link, D.A. (1992c). The floral nectaries in the Limnanthaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 179, 235-243.
Link, D.A. (1992d). The floral nectaries of the Geraniales and their systematic implications. IV. Ixonanthaceae Exel & Mendoza. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 114, 81-90.
Link, D.A. (1994a). Dirachma Schweinf. (Dirachmaceae), a highly remarkable and endangered bispecific genus. In: J.H. Seyani, & A.C. Chikuni (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Plenary Meeting A.E.T.F.A.T., volume 2 (pp. 1229-1238). Zomba: National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens of Malawi.
Link, D.A. (1994b). The nectaries of the Geraniaceae. In: P. Vorster (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Geraniaceae Symposium (pp. 215-224), University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systema naturae. Leyden: Lugduni Batavorum.
Liston, A. (2003). A new interpretation of floral morphology in Garrya (Garryaceae). Taxon, 52, 271-276.
Little, R.J. (1983). A review of floral food deception mimicries with comments on floral mutualism. In: C.E. Jones, & R.J. Little (Eds.), Handbook of experimental pollination biology (pp. 294-309). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Lloyd, D.G., & Wells, M.S. (1992). Reproductive biology of a primitive angiosperm Pseudowintera colorata (Winteraceae) and the evolution of pollination systems in the Anthophyta. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 181, 77-95.
Loesener, T. (1942). Aquifoliaceae. In: H.G.A. Engler, & K.A.E. Prantl (Eds.), Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 2nd edn, 20b (pp. 36-86). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
Lohmann, L.G. (2006). Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae). American Journal of Botany, 93, 304-318.
Lopes, A.V., Vogel, S., & Machado, I.C. (2002). Secretory trichomes, a substitutive floral nectar source in Lundia A. DC. (Bignoniaceae), a genus lacking a functional disc. Annals of Botany, 90, 169-174.
López, H.A., & Galetto, L. (2002). Flower structure and reproductive biology of Bougainvillea stipitata (Nyctaginaceae). Plant Biology, 4, 508-514.
Lorch, J. (1978). The discovery of nectar and nectaries and its relation to views on flowers and insects. Isis, 69, 514-533.
Lowrie, A. (2001). Floral mimicry and pollinator observations in carnivorous plants. Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, 20, 10-15.
Lu, A.M. (1990). A preliminary cladistic study of the families of the superorder Lamiiflorae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, 39-58.
Lundberg, J., & Bremer, K. (2003). A phylogenetic study of the order Asterales using one morphological and three molecular data sets. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, 553-578.
Ma, H., Xiao, A.J., & Cao, R. (2002). Developmental and anatomic studies on the floral nectaries of Tugarinovia mongolica. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 24, 638-644.
Maas-van der Kamer, H. (1998). Burmanniaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 154-164). Berlin: Springer.
Maas-van der Kamer H., & Weustenfeld, T. (1998). Triuridaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 452-458). Berlin: Springer.
Machado, A.O., & Oliveira, P.E. (2000). Biologia floral e reprodutiva de Casearia grandiflora Camb. (Flacourtiaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 23, 283-290.
Maldonado, S., & Otegui, M. (1997). Secretory tissues of the flower of Sanango racemosum (Gesneriaceae). I. Light microscopy. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 46, 413-420.
Manetas, Y., & Petropoulou, Y. (2000). Nectar amount, pollinator visit duration and pollina-tion success in the Mediterranean shrub Cistus creticus. Annals of Botany, 86, 815-820.
Mani, M.S., & Saravanan, J.M. (1999). Pollination ecology and evolution in Compositae (Asteraceae). Enfield, NH: Science Publishers.
Mann, V., Harper, M., Pecker, I., & Hirschberg, J. (2000). Metabolic engineering of astaxan-thin production in tobacco flowers. Nature Biotechnology, 18, 888-892.
Martens, P. (1971). Les Gnetophytes. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Band 12, Teil 2. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
Martens, P., & Waterkeyn, L. (1974). Recherches sur Welwitschia mirabilis. V. Evolution ovulaire et embryogenese. Cellule, 70, 165-234.
Martins, T.R., & Barkman, T.J. (2005) Reconstruction of Solanaceae phylogeny using the nuclear gene SAMT. Systematic Botany, 30, 435-447.
Matthews, M.L., & Endress, P.K. (2002). Comparative floral structure and systematics in Oxalidales (Oxalidaceae, Connaraceae, Brunelliaceae, Cephalotaceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Tremandraceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 321-338.
Matthews, M.L., & Endress, P.K. (2004). Comparative floral structure and systematics in Cucurbitales (Corynocarpaceae, Coriariaceae, Tetramelaceae, Datiscaceae, Begoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Anisophylleaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 129-185.
Matthews, M.L., & Endress, P.K. (2005a). Comparative floral structure and systematics in Crossosomatales (Crossosomataceae, Stachyuraceae, Staphyleaceae, Aphloiaceae, Geissolomataceae, Ixerbaceae, Strasburgeriaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 1-46.
Matthews, M.L., & Endress, P.K. (2005b). Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales (Celastraceae, Parnassiaceae, Lepidobotryaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 129-194.
Matthews, M.L., Endress, P.K., Schönenberger, J., & Friis, E.M. (2001). A comparison of floral structures of Anisophylleaceae and Cunoniaceae and the problem of their systematic position. Annals of Botany, 88, 439-455.
McDade, L.A., & Turner, M.D. (1997). Structure and development of bracteal nectary glands in Aphelandra (Acanthaceae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 1-15.
McKey, D. (1989). Interaction between ants and leguminous plants. In: C.H. Stirton, & J.L. Zarucchi (Eds.), Advances in legume biology, monographis in systematic botany of the Missouri Botanical Garden 29 (pp. 673-718). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.
McWilliam, J.R. (1958). The role of the micropyle in the pollination of Pinus. Botanical Gazette, 120, 109-117.
Medan, D., & Aagesen, L. (1995). Comparative flower and fruit structure in the Colletieae (Rhamnaceae). Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 117, 531-564.
Meerow, A.W. (1987). A monograph of Eucrosia (Amaryllidaceae). Systematic Botany, 12, 460-492.
Meeuse, A.D.J. (1978). Nectarial secretion, floral evolution, and the pollination syndrome syndrome in early angiosperms. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandese Akademie van Wetenschappen, Serie B, 81, 300-326.
Meeuse, A.D.J., de Meijer, A.H., Mohr, O.W.P., & Wellinga, S.M. (1990). Entomophily in the dioecious gymnosperm Ephedra aphylla Forsk. (= E. alte C. A. Mey.), with some notes on Ephedra campylopoda C. A. Mey. III. Further anthecological studies and relative importance of entomophily. Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 113-123.
Mehta, I.J., & Moseley, M.F. (1981). The floral anatomy of Koeberlinia. Systematic implications. American Journal of Botany, 68, 482-497.
Meijer, W. (1993). Hydnoraceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 341-343). Berlin: Springer.
Menezes, N.L. (1973). Natureza dos apêndices petalóides em Barbacenioideae (Velloziaceae). Boletin de Zoologia e Biologia Marina (Nova Serie), Universidad de Sao Paulo, 30, 713-755.
Mione, T., & Bogle, A.L. (1990). Comparative ontogeny of the inflorescence and flower of Hamamelis virginiana and Loropetalum chinense (Hamamelidaceae). American Journal of Botany, 77, 77-91.
Mione, T., & Serazo, L.A. (1999). Jaltomata lojae (Solanaceae): description and floral biology of a new Andean species. Rhodora, 101, 136-142.
Monod, T. (1986). Nectaries extra-floraux et fleurs avortees chez les Pedaliaceae (note preli-minare). Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia: Botanique Phytochemie, 8, 103-116.
Moody, M.L., & Hufford, L. (2000). Floral ontogeny and morphology of Cevallia, Fuertesia, and Gronovia (Loasaceae subfamily Gronovioideae). International Journal of Plant Sci-ences, 161, 869-883.
Morellato, L.P.C., & Oliveira, P.S. (1994). Extrafloral nectaries in the tropical tree Guarea macrophylla (Meliaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany, 72, 157-160.
Mori, S.A., Prance, G.T., & Bolten, A.B. (1978). Additional notes on the floral biology of neotropical Lecythidaceae. Brittonia, 30, 113-130.
Moscheta, I.S., de Souza, L.A., Mourao, K.S.M., & da Rosa, S.M. (2002). Morfo anatomia e aspectos da biologia floral de Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. (Meliaceae). Acta Cientifica Venezolana, 53, 239-244.
Moussel, B. (1980). Gouttelette receptrice du pollen et pollinisation chez l’ Ephedra distachya L.: observations sur le vivant et en microscopies photonique et electronique. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Vegetales, le Botaniste, 3, 65-90.
Murza, G.L., & Davis, A.R. (2003). Comparative flower structure of three species of sundew (Drosera anglica, Drosera linearis, and Drosera rotundifolia) in relation to breeding system. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, 1129-1142.
Nabhan, G.P., Donovan, J., Buchmann, S., & Burquez, A. (1999). Riqueza y estabilidad de los polinizadores de los cirios (Fouquieria columnaris) del desierto sonorense: Un análisis comparativo. Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México, 65, 39-50.
Narayana, L.L., Satyanarayana, P., Raju, V.S., & Rao, P.S.P. (1986). The floral anatomy of Corynocarpus laevigatus (Corynocarpaceae). Phytomorphology, 36, 325-330.
Narayana, L., & Satyavathi, D. (1988). Floral anatomy of two Lentibulariaceae. Feddes Repertorium, 99, 519-522.
Nassar, J.M., Ramirez, N., & Linares, O. (1997). Comparative pollination biology of Venezuelan columnar cacti and the role of nectar-feeding bats in their sexual reproduction. American Journal of Botany, 84, 918-927.
Neiland, M.R.M., & Wilcock, C.C. (1998). Fruit set, nectar reward, and rarity in the Orchidaceae. American Journal of Botany, 85, 1657-1671.
Nelson, B., & Prance, G.T. (1984). Observations of the pollination of Rhabdodendron macro-phyllum. Acta Amazonica, 14, 411-426.
Nepi, M. (2007). Nectary structure and ultrastructure. In: S.W. Nicolson, M. Nepi, & E. Pacini (Eds.), Nectaries and nectar (pp. 129-166). Dordrecht: Springer.
Nepi, M., Ciampolini, F., & Pacini, E. (1996). Development and ultrastructure of Cucurbita pepo nectaries of male flowers. Annals of Botany, 78, 95-104.
Nepi, M., Human, H., Nicolson, S.W., Cresti, L., & Pacini, E. (2006). Nectary structure and nectar presentation in Aloe castanea and A. greatheadii var. davyana (Asphodelaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 257, 45-55.
Nepi, M., Pacini, E., Nencini, C., Collavoli, E., & Franchi, G. (2003). Variability of nectar production and composition in Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 109-118.
Nepi, M., Pacini, E., & Willemse, M.T.M. (1996). Nectary biology of Cucurbita pepo: ecophysiological aspects. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 45, 41-54.
Newman, S.W.H., & Kirchoff, B.K. (1992). Ovary structure in the Costaceae (Zingiberales). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153, 471-487.
Nichol, P., & Hall, J.L. (1988). Characteristic of nectar secretion by the extrafloral nectaries of Ricinus communis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 39, 573-586.
Nicora, E.G. (1941). Glándulas epidérmicas de algunas especies de Eragrostis. Darwiniana, 5, 316-321.
Niklas, K.J. & Buchmann, S.L. (1985). Aerodynamics of wind pollination in Simmondsia chinensis. American Journal of Botany, 72, 530-539.
Nilsson, L.A. (1988). The evolution of flowers with deep corolla tubes. Nature, 334, 147-149.
Nilsson, L.A. (1992). Orchid pollination biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 255-259.
Nilsson, L.A., Jonsson, L., Ralison, L., & Randrianjohany, E. (1987). Angraecoid orchids and hawkmoths in central Madagascar specialized pollination systems and generalist foragers. Biotropica, 19, 310-318.
Nooteboom, H.P. (2004). Symplocaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 443-449). Berlin: Springer.
Nordenstam, B. (1982). A monograph of the genus Ornithoglossum (Liliaceae). Opera Botanica, 64, 1-51.
Nordenstam, B. (1998). Melanthiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 175-185). Berlin: Springer.
Norris, T. (1941). Torus anatomy and nectary characteristics as phlogenetic criteria in the Rhoeadales. American Journal of Botany, 28, 101-113.
O’Brien, S.P., Loveys, B.R., & Grant, W.J.R. (1996). Ultrastructure and function of floral nectaries of Chamelaucium uncinatum (Myrtaceae). Annals of Botany, 78, 189-196.
O’Dowd, D.J., & Catchpole, E.A. (1983). Ants and extrafloral nectaries: no evidence for plant protection in Helichrysum sppant interactions. Oecologia, 59, 191-200.
Olesen, J. (1996). From naivete to experience: bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris) foraging on Corydalis cava (Fumariaceae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 69 (4 Suppl.), 274-286.
Oliveira, P.S. (1996). Floral biology of Salvertia convallariodora (Vochysiaceae): a hawk moth pollinated species of Brazilian cerrado vegetation. Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 19, 49-53.
Oliveira, P.S., Da Silva, A.F., & Martins, A.B. (1987). Ant foraging on extrafloral nectaries of Qualea grandiflora (Vochysiaceae) in cerrado vegetation: ants as potential antiherbivore agents. Oecologia, 74, 228-230.
Oliveira, P.S., & Oliveira-Filho, A.T. (1991). Distribution of extrafloral nectaries in the woody flora of tropical communities in Western Brazil. In: P.W. Priceet al., (Eds.), Evolutionary ecology of plant-animal interactions (pp. 163-176). New York: Wiley.
Olmstead, R.G., Sweere, J.A., Spangler, R.E., Bohs, L., & Palmer, J.D. (1999). Phylogeny and provisional classification of the Solanaceae based on chloroplast DNA. In: M. Nee, D.E. Symon, R.N. Lester, and J.P. Jessop (Eds.), Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization (pp. 111-137). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Ortega Olivencia, A., Carrasco Claver, J.P., & Devesa Alcaraz, J.A. (1995). Floral and reproductive biology of Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link (Droseraceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 118, 331-351.
Otegui, M., & Cocucci, A. (1999). Flower morphology and biology of Myrsine laetevirens, structural and evolutionary implications of anemophily in Myrsinaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany, 19, 71-85.
Pacini, E., Nepi, M., & Vesprini, J.L. (2003). Nectar biodiversity: a short review. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 7-21.
Palser, B.F. (1961). Studies of floral morphology in the Ericales. V. Organography and vascular anatomy in several United States species of the Vacciniaceae. Botanical Gazette, 123, 79-111.
Palser, B.F., Philipson, W., & Philipson, M. (1991). Characteristics of ovary, ovule and mature megagametophyte in Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) and their taxonomic significance. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 105, 289-390.
Papp, N. (2004). Nectar and nectary studies on seven Euphorbia species. Acta Botanica Hungarica, 46, 225-234.
Pascarella, J.B. (1996). Reproductive ecology of Picramnia pentandra (Picramniaceae) in South Florida. Caribbean Journal of Science, 32, 99-104.
Passarelli, L., & Bruzzone, L. (2004). Significance of floral colour and scent in three Solanum sect. Cyphomandropsis species (Solanaceae) with different floral rewards. Australian Journal of Botany, 52, 659-667.
Pearson, H.H.W. (1909). Further observations on Welwitschia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 200, 331-402.
Pellmyr, O. (1992). Evolution of insect pollination and angiosperm diversification. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 46-49.
Pennington, T.D. (2004). Sapotaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 390-421). Berlin: Springer.
Pérez, F., Arroyo, M.T.K., Medel, R., & Hershkovitz, M.A. (2006). Ancestral reconstruction of flower morphology and pollination systems in Schizanthus (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany, 93, 1029-1038.
Perret, M., Chautems, A., Spichiger, R., Peixoto, M., & Savolainen, V. (2001). Nectar sugar composition in relation to pollination syndromes in Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae). Annals of Botany, 87, 267-273.
Petanidou, T., Goethals, V., & Smets, E. (2000). Nectary structure of Labiatae in relation to their nectar secretion and characteristics in a Mediterranean shrub community: does flowering time matter? Plant Systematics and Evolution, 225, 103-118.
Peterson, R.L., Scott, M.G., & Miller, S.L. (1979). Some aspects of carpel structure in Caltha palustris (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany, 66, 334-342.
Philbrick, C.T., & Anderson, G.J. (1992). Pollination biology in the Callitrichaceae. Systematic Botany, 17, 282-292.
Pinheiro, M., & Schlindwein, C. (1998). The nectariferous chamber of Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae) and bees with long glossae as efficient pollinators. Iheringia Serie Botanica, 51, 3-16.
Piovano, M., Galetto, L., & Bernardello, L. (1995). Floral morphology, nectar features and breeding system in Ruellia brevifolia (Acanthaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 55, 409-418.
Plowright, R.C. (1987). Corolla depth and nectar concentration: an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65, 1011-1013.
Poppendieck, H.H. (2003a). Bixaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and nonbetalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 33-35). Berlin: Springer.
Poppendieck, H.H. (2003b). Cochlospermaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, & C. Bayer (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales, volume 5 (pp. 71-74). Berlin: Springer.
Porsch, O. (1910). Ephedra campylopoda C.A. Mey., eine entomophile Gymnosperme. Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 28, 404-412.
Potgieter, K., & Albert, V.A. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae s.l. based on trnL intron and trnL-F spacer sequences and propagule characters. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 88, 523-549.
Prance, G.T. (2004). Napoleonaeaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 282-284). Berlin: Springer.
Prance, G.T. & Freitas da Silva, M.F. (1973). Caryocaraceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 12 (pp. 1-75). New York: The New York Botanical Garden.
Prance, G.T., & Mori, S.A. (1979). Lecythidaceae 1. The actinomorphic flowered new-world Lecythidaceae: Asteranthos, Gustavia, Grias, Allantoma, and Cariniana. Flora Neotropica Monograph 21 (pp. 1-270). New York: New York Botanical Garden.
Prance, G.T., & Mori, S.A. (2004). Lecythidaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 221-232). Berlin: Springer.
Primack, R.B. (1978). Evolutionary aspects of wind pollination in the genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae). New Phytologist, 81, 449-458.
Proctor, M., Yeo, P., & Lack, A. (1996). The natural history of pollination. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
Quint, M., & Classen-Bockhoff, R. (2006). Floral ontogeny, petal diversity and nectary uniformity in Bruniaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 15, 459-477.
Rabinowitch, H.D., Fahn, A., Meir, T., & Lensky, Y. (1993). Flower and nectar attributes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants in relation to their attractiveness to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Annals of Applied Biology, 123, 221-232.
Rachmilevitz, T., & Fahn, A. (1973). Ultrastructure of nectaries of Vinca rosea, Vinca major and Citrus sinensis cv. valencia and its relation to the mechanism of nectar secretion. Annals of Botany, 37, 1-9.
Rachmilevitz, T., & Fahn, A. (1975). The floral nectary of Tropaeolum majus L. The nature of the secretory cells and the manner of nectar secretion. Annals of Botany, 39, 721-728.
Radice, S., & Galati, B.G. (2003). Floral nectary ultrastructure of Prunus persica (L.) Batch cv. Forastero (Newcomer), an Argentine peach. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 23-32.
Ramos, C.O.C., Borba, E.L., & Funch, L.S. (2005). Pollination in Brazilian Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) species: evidence for entomophily instead of anemophily. Annals of Botany, 96, 387-397.
Rao, V.S. (1963). The epyginous glands of Zingiberaceae. New Phytologist, 62, 342-349.
Rao, V.S. (1975). Septal glands: their form, structure and function. In: H.Y.M. Ram, J.J. Shah, & C.K. Shah (Eds.), Form, structure and function in plants (pp. 375-378). Nauchandi, India: Sarita Prakasham.
Rao, V.S., & Ganguli, A. (1963). Studies in the floral anatomy of the Apocynaceae. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 42, 419-435.
Reddi, E.U.B., & Reddi, C.S. (1985). Wind and insect pollination in a monoecious and a dioecious species of Euphorbiaceae. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, Part. B. Biological Sciences, 51, 468-482.
Rehnberg, K. (1987). Interesting observations of nymphalid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Entomologisk Tidskrift, 108, 117-119.
Remizowa, M., Sokoloff, D., & Rudall, P.J. (2006). Evolution of monocot gynoecium: evidence from comparative morphology and development in Toefieldia, Japonolirion, Petrosavia and Narthecium. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 258, 183-209.
Ren, Y., Li, Z.J., Chang, H.L., Lei, Y.J., & Lu, A.M. (2004). Floral development of Kingdonia (Ranunculaceae s.l., Ranunculales). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 247, 145-153.
Renner, S.S. (1999). Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data. American Journal of Botany, 86, 1301-1315.
Rho, J.R., & Choe, J.C. (2003). Floral visitors and nectar secretion of the Japanese Camellia, Camellia japonica L. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 7, 123-125.
Rico-Gray, V., Barber, J.T., Thien, L.B., Ellgaard, E.G., & Toney, J.J. (1989). An unusual animal-plant interaction: feeding of Schombugkia tibicinis (Orchidaceae) by ants. American Journal of Botany, 76, 603-608.
Rivera, G.L. (1996). Floral trichomes and nectaries in four species of Tecomeae (Bignoniaceae). Darwiniana, 34, 19-26.
Rivera, G.L. (2000a). Nuptial nectary structure of Bignoniaceae from Argentina. Darwiniana, 38, 227-239.
Rivera, G.L. (2000b). Floral extranuptial nectaries in Bignoniaceae from Argentina. Darwiniana, 38, 1-10.
Ro, K., Keener, C.S., & McPheron, B.A. (1997). Molecular phylogenetic study of the Ranun-culaceae: utility of the nuclear 26S ribosomal DNA in inferring intrafamilial relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 8, 117-127.
Robson, N.K.B. (1961). Gutiferae. In: A.W. Exel, & H. Will (Eds.), Flora Zambesiaca 1 (pp. 371-375). London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations.
Rodriguez, I. (2000). Flower anatomy and morphology of Exodeconus maritimus (Solanaceae, Solaneae) and Nicandra physalodes (Solanaceae, Nicandreae): importance for their systematic relationships. Adansonia, 22, 187-199.
Rohwer, J.G. (1993). Lauraceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 366-391). Berlin: Springer.
Rudall, P.J. (1998). Lanariaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 340-342). Berlin: Springer.
Rudall, P. (2002). Homologies of inferior ovaries and septal nectaries in monocotyledons. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163, 261-276.
Rudall, P.J., Abrason, K., Dransfield, J., & Baker, W. (2003b). Floral anatomy in Dypsis (Arecaceae-Areceae): a case of complex synorganization and stamen reduction. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 115-133.
Rudall, P.J., & Bateman, R.M. (2002). Roles of synorganisation, zygomorphy and heterotopy in floral evolution: the gynostemium and labellum of orchids and other lilioid monocots. Biological Reviews, 77, 403-441.
Rudall, P.J., Bateman, R.M., Fay, M.F., & Eastman, A. (2002). Floral anatomy and systematics of Alliaceae with particular reference to Gilliesia, a presumed insect mimic with strongly zygomorphic flowers. American Journal of Botany, 89, 1867-1883.
Rudall, P.J., & Eastman, A. (2002). The questionable affinities of Corsia (Corsiaceae): evidence from floral anatomy and pollen morphology. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 138, 315-324.
Rudall, P., & Furness, C.A. (1997). Systematics of Acorus: ovule and anther. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158, 640-651.
Rudall, P.J., Manning, J.C., & Goldblatt, P. (2003a). Evolution of floral nectaries in Iridaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 90, 613-631.
Rudall, P.J., Stevenson, D.W., & Linder, H.P. (1999). Structure and systematics of Hanguana, a monocotyledon of uncertain affinity. Australian Systematic Botany, 12, 311-330.
Rudall, P.J., Stobart, K.L., Hong, W.P., Conran, J.G., Furness, C.A., Kite, G., & Chase, M.W. (2000). Consider the Lilies: systematics of Liliales. In: K. Wilson, D.A. Morrison (Eds.), Monocots: systematics and evolution (pp. 347-359). Melbourne: CSIRO.
Rydin, C., Kallersjo, M., & Friis, E. (2002). Seed plant relationships and the systematic position of Gnetales based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Conflicting data, rooting problems, and the monophyly of conifers. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163, 197-214.
Said, C. (1982). Les nectaries floraux des Crassulacées. Etude morphologique et anatomique. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, 129, 231-240.
Sajo, M., Rudall, P., & Prychid, C. (2004). Floral anatomy of Bromeliaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of epigyny and septal nectaries in commelinid monocots. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 247, 215-231.
Sakai, S. (2002). Aristolochia spp. (Aristolochiaceae) pollinated by flies breeding on decom-posing flowers in Panama. American Journal of Botany, 89, 527-534.
Sammataro, D., Erickson, E.H., & Garment, M.B. (1985). Ultrastructure of the sunflower nectary. Journal of Apicultural Research, 24, 150-160.
Sanchez-Lafuente, A.M. (2002). Floral variation in the generalist perennial herb Paeonia broteroi (Paeoniaceae): differences between regions with different pollinators and herbivores. American Journal of Botany, 89, 1260-1269.
Sancho, G., & Otegui, M. (2000). Vascularization and secretory tissues in florets of Gochnatia polymorpha (Asteraceae, Mutisieae): evolutionary considerations. Phytomorphology, 50, 172-179.
Sandvik, S.M., & Totland, O. (2003). Quantitative importance of staminodes for female reproductive success in Parnassia palustris under contrasting environmental conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, 49-56.
SanMartin-Gajardo, I., & Sazima, M. (2004). Non-euglossine bees also function as pollinators of Sinningia species (Gesneriaceae) in southeastern Brazil. Plant Biology, 6, 506-512.
SanMartin-Gajardo, I., & Sazima, M. (2005). Especies de Vanhouttea Lem. e Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae) polinizadas por beija-flores: interacoes relacionadas ao habitat da planta e ao nectar. Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 28, 441-450.
Saraiva, L.C., Cesar, O., & Monteiro, R. (1988). Pollination biology and breeding system of Styrax camporum Pohl and Styrax ferrugineus Nees et Mart. (Styracaceae). Revista Bra-sileira de Botanica, 11, 71-80.
Schemske, D.W. (1980). The evolutionary significance of extrafloral nectar production by Costus woodsonii (Zingiberaceae): an experimental analysis of ant protection. Journal of Ecology, 68, 959-967.
Schmid, R. (1978). Reproductive anatomy of Actinidia chinensis (Actinidiaceae). Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 100, 149-195.
Schmid, R. (1980). Comparative anatomy and morphology of Psiloxylon and Heteropteris, and the subfamilial and tribal classification of Myrtaceae. Taxon, 29 (5-6), 597-606.
Schmid, R. (1985). Functional interpretation of the morphology and anatomy of the septal nectaries. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 34, 125-128.
Schmid, R. (1988). Reproductive versus extra-reproductive nectaries—historical perspective and terminological recommendations. Botanical Review, 54, 179-232.
Schmid, R., Carlquist, S., Hufford, L.D., & Webster, G.L. (1984). Systematic anatomy of Oceanopapaver a monotypic genus of the Capparaceae from New Caledonia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 89, 119-152.
Schneider, E.L., & Jeter, J.M. (1982). Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae 12. The floral biology of Cabomba caroliniana. American Journal of Botany, 69, 1410-1419.
Schneider, E.L., Tucker, S.C., & Williamson, P.S. (2003). Floral development in the Nymphaeales. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, S279-S292.
Schneider, J.V., & Bayer, C. (2004). Clethraceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 69-73). Berlin: Springer.
Schönenberger, J. (1999). Floral structure, development and diversity in Thunbergia (Acanthaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 130, 1-36.
Schönenberger, J., & Conti, E. (2003). Molecular phylogeny and floral evolution of Penaeaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, and Alzateaceae (Myrtales). American Journal of Botany, 90, 293-309.
Schrire, B.D. (1989). A multidisciplinary approach to pollination biology in the Leguminosae. In: C.H. Stirton, & J.L. Zarucchi (Eds.), Advances in legume biology: monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 29 (pp. 183-242). St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.
Scott, P.J. (2004). Diapensiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 117-121). Berlin: Springer.
Scribailo, R.W., & Posluszny, U. (1985). Floral development of Hydrocharis morsusranae (Hydrocaritaceae). American Journal of Botany, 72, 1578-1589.
Sérsic, A.N. (2004). Pollination biology in the genus Calceolaria L. (Calceolariaceae). Stapfia, 82, 1-121.
Sérsic, A.N., & Cocucci, A.A. (1999). An unusual kind of nectary in the oil flowers of Monttea: its structure and function. Flora, 194, 393-404.
Sigrist, M.R., & Sazima, M. (2004). Pollination and reproductive biology of twelve species of neotropical Malpighiaceae: stigma morphology and its implications for the breeding system. Annals of Botany, 94, 33-41.
Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. (1990). Pollination and evolution in palms. Phyton, 30, 213-223.
Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., Gottsberger, G., & Webber, A.C. (2003). Morphological and functional flower characteristics of new and old world Annonaceae with respect to their mode of pollination. Taxon, 52, 701-718.
Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I., & Gottsberger, G. (1988). A polinizacao de plantas do Cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 48, 651-663.
Simmons, M.P. (2004a). Celastraceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 29-64). Berlin: Springer.
Simmons, M.P. (2004b). Parnassiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 291-296). Berlin: Springer.
Simmons, M.P., & Hedin, J.P. (1999). Relationships and morphological character change among genera of Celastraceae sensu lato (including Hippocrateaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 86, 723-757.
Simpson, B.B. (1982). Krameria (Krameriaceae) flowers: orientation and elaiophore morphology. Taxon, 31, 517-528.
Simpson, B.B., & Neff, J.L. (1981). Floral rewards: alternatives to pollen and nectar. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 68, 301-322.
Simpson, B.B., & Neff, J.L. (1983). Evolution and diversity of floral rewards. In: C.E. Jones, & R.L. Little (Eds.), Handbook of pollination biology (pp. 360-372). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Simpson, M.G. (1990). Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 77, 722-784.
Simpson, M.G. (1993). Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny of the Haemodoraceae. Systematic Botany, 18, 593-613.
Simpson, M.G. (1998). Reversal in ovary position from inferior to superior in the Haemodoraceae. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 159, 466-479.
Simpson, M.G., & Rudall, P.J. (1998). Tecophilaeaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 429-436). Berlin: Springer.
Sinclair, A., Catling, P.M., & Dumouchel, M. (2000). Notes on the pollination and dispersal of Goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L., in southwestern Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist, 114, 499-501.
Singh, H. (1978). Embryology of Gymnosperms. Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Band 10, Teil 2. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
Smets, E.F. (1986). Localization and systematic importance of the floral nectaries in the Magnoliatae (Dicotyledons). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 56, 51-76.
Smets, E.F. (1988). La presence des `nectaria persistentia’ chez les Magnoliophytina (Angiosperms). Candollea, 43, 709-716.
Smets, E.F., & Cresens, E.M. (1988). Types of floral nectaries and the concepts ‘character’ and ‘character state’—a reconsideration. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 37, 121-128.
Smets, E.F., Decraene, L.P.R., Caris, P., & Rudall, P.J. (2000). Floral nectaries in monocotyledons: distribution and evolution. In: K.L. Wilson, & D.A. Morrison (Eds.), Monocots: systematics and evolution (pp. 230-240). Melbourne: CSIRO.
Smets, E.F., Jansen, S., Caris, P., & Lens, F. (2003). Distribution and evolution of floral nectaries in angiosperms: a review. Palmarum Hortus Francofurtensis, 7, 103.
Soliva, M., & Widmer, A. (2003). Gene flow across species boundaries in sympatric, sexually deceptive Ophrys (Orchidaceae) species. Evolution, 57, 2252-2261.
Soltis, D., Soltis, P., & Zanis, M. (2002). Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany, 89, 1670-1681.
Souza, L.A., Mourao, K.S.M., Moscheta, I.S., & Rosa, S.M. (2003). Morfologia e anatomia da flor de Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. (Rutaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica, 26, 175-184.
Spangler, R.E., & Olmstead, R.G. (1999). Phylogenetic analysis of Bignoniaceae based on the cpDNA gene sequences rbcL and ndhF. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 86, 33-46.
Ståhl, B., & Anderberg, A.A. (2004). Myrsinaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 266-281). Berlin: Springer.
Stauffer, F.W., & Endress, P.K. (2003). Comparative morphology of female flowers and systematics in Geonomeae (Arecaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 242, 171-203.
Stein, B.A., & Tobe, H. (1989). Floral nectaries in Melastomataceae and their systematic and evolutionary implications. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 76, 519-531.
Sterling, C. (1979). Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Tofieldieae. Bo-tanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 321-332.
Stevens, P.F. (1994). The development of biological classification: Antonie-Laurent de Jussieu, nature, and the natural system. New York: Columbia University Press.
Stpiczyńska, M. (2003). Nectar resorption in the spur of Platanthera chlorantha Custer (Rchb.) Orchidaceae—structural and microautoradiographic study. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 119-126.
Stpiczyńska, M., & Matusiewicz, J. (2001). Anatomy and ultrastructure of spur nectary of Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) (Orchidaceae). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 70, 267-272.
Stpiczyńska, M., Milanesi, C., Faleri, C., & Cresti, M. (2005). Ultrastructure of the nectary spur of Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. (Orchidaceae) during successive stages of nectar secretion. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica, 47, 111-119.
Strange, A., Rudall, P.J., & Prychid, C.J. (2004). Comparative floral anatomy of Pontederi-aceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 144, 395-408.
Struwe, L., & Jensen, S.R. (2004). Plocospermataceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acantha-ceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 330-332). Berlin: Springer.
Stucky, J.M., & Beckmann, R.L. (1982). Pollination biology, self incompatibility and sterility in Ipomoea pandurata (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 69, 1022-1031.
Stuessy, T.F. (1990). Plant taxonomy. The systematic evaluation of comparative data. New York: Columbia University Press.
Stützel, T. (1998). Eriocaulaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae), volume 4 (pp. 197-207). Berlin: Springer.
Stützel, T., & Gansser, N. (1995). Floral morphology of North American Eriocaulaceae and its taxonomic implications. Feddes Repertorium, 106, 495-502.
Sunnichan, V.G., Ram, H.Y.M., & Shivanna, K.R. (2005). Reproductive biology of Boswellia serrata, the source of salai guggul, an important gum-resin. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 147, 73-82.
Suzuki, K. (1984). Pollination system and its significance on isolation and hybridization in Japanese Epimedium (Berberidaceae). Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 97, 381-396.
Symon, D. (1979). Sex forms in Solanum (Solanaceae) and the role of pollen collecting insects. In: J.G. Hawkes, R.N. Lester, & A.D. Skelding (Eds.), The biology and taxonomy of Solanaceae (pp. 385-397). London: Academic Press.
Szujko-Lacza, J. (1975). Nectary gland development and functional duration in Pimpinella anisum. Acta Biologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 26, 51-65.
Tacina, F. (1974). Observatii morfoanatomice comparative asupra glandelor nectarifere de la unele soiuri de floareasoarelui. Studii si Cercet Ari de Biologie, 26, 3-7.
Tamura, M.N. (1966). Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae VI. Science Reports Osaka University, 15, 13-35.
Tamura, M.N. (1967). Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae VII. Science Reports Osaka University, 16, 21-43.
Tamura, M.N. (1968). Morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the Ranunculaceae VIII. Science Reports Osaka University, 17, 41-56.
Tamura, M.N. (1993). Ranunculaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Brittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 563-583). Berlin: Springer.
Tamura, M.N. (1998). Melanthiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 369-380). Berlin: Springer.
Tang, W. (1987). Insect pollination in the cycad Zamia pumila (Zamiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 74, 90-99.
Tanowitz, B.D., & Koehler, D.L. (1986). Carbohydrate analysis of floral and extrafloral nectars in selected taxa of Sansevieria (Agavaceae). Annals of Botany, 58, 541-545.
Teuber, L.R., Albertsen, M.C., Barnes, D.K., & Heichel, G.H. (1980). Structure of floral nectaries of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in relation to nectar production. American Journal of Botany, 67, 433-439.
Temeles, E., Linhart, Y., Masonjones, M., & Masonjones, H. (2002). The role of flower width in hummingbird bill length-flower length relationships. Biotropica, 34, 68-80.
Terry, I., Moore, C.J., Walter, G.H., Forster, P.I., Roemer, R.B., Donaldson, J.D., & Machin, P.J. (2004). Association of cone thermogenesis and volatiles with pollinator specificity in Macrozamia cycads. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 243, 233-247.
Thien, L.B. (1974). Floral biology of Magnolia. American Journal of Botany, 61, 1037-1045.
Thien, L.B. (1980). Patterns of pollination in the primitive angiosperms. Biotropica, 12, 1-13.
Thien, L.B., Azuma, H., & Kawano, S. (2000). New perspectives on the pollination biology of basal angiosperms. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 161, S225-S235.
Thien, L.B., Ellgaard, E.G., Devall, M.S., Ellgaard, S.E., & Ramp, P.F. (1994). Population structure and reproductive biology of Saururus cernuus L. (Saururaceae). Plant Species Biology, 9, 47-55.
Thien, L.B., Sage, T.L., Jaffre, T., Bernhardt, P., Pontieri, V., Weston, P.H., Malloch, D., Azuma, H., Graham, S.W., McPherson, M.A., Rai, H.S., Sage, R.F., & Dupre, J.L. (2003). The population structure and floral biology of Amborella trichopoda (Amiborellaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 90, 466-490.
Thien, L.B., White, D.A., & Yatsu, L.Y. (1983). The reproductive biology of a relict Illicium floridanum. American Journal of Botany, 70, 719-727.
Thieret, J.W. (1976). Floral biology of Proboscidea louisianica (Martyniaceae). Rhodora, 78, 169-179.
Thiv, M. (2004). Carlemanniaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 57-59). Berlin: Springer.
Thomas, V., & Dave, Y. (1992). Structure and biology of nectaries in Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols (Bignoniaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 109, 395-400.
Thompson, P.N., & Gornall, R.J. (1995). Breeding systems in Coriaria (Coriariaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 117, 293-304.
Thornburg, R. (2007). Molecular biology of the Nicotiana floral nectary. In: S.W. Nicolson, M. Nepi, & E. Pacini (Eds.), Nectaries and nectar (pp. 265-288). Dordrecht: Springer.
Tian, X., Zhang, L., & Ren, Y. (2005). Development of flowers and inflorescences of Circaeaster (Circaeasteraceae, Ranunculales). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 256, 89-96.
Tobe, H., Carlquist, S., & Iltis, H.H. (1999). Reproductive anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae). Taxon, 48, 277-283.
Tobe, H., & Hammel, B.E. (1993). Floral morphology, embryology, and seed anatomy of Ruptiliocarpon caracolito (Lepidobotryaceae). Novon, 3, 423-428.
Torres, C. (1998). Estructura del capítulo y caracteres florales en relación con la polinización en dos especies de Vernonia (Asteraceae). Kurtziana, 26, 65-82.
Torres, C., & Galetto, L. (2002). Are nectar sugar composition and corolla tube length related to the diversity of insects that visit Asteraceae flowers? Plant Biology, 4, 360-366.
Tosaki, Y., Renner, S.S., & Takahashi, H. (2001). Pollination of Sarcandra glabra (Chloranthaceae) in natural populations in Japan. Journal of Plant Research, 114, 423-427.
Travers, S.E., Temeles, E.J., & Pan, I. (2003). The relationship between nectar spur curvature in jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) and pollen removal by hummingbird pollinators. Cana-dian Journal of Botany, 81, 164-170.
Tschapka, M., & von Helversen, O. (1999). Pollinators of syntopic Marcgravia species in Costa Rican lowland rain forest: bats and opossums. Plant Biology, 1, 382-388.
Tucker, S.C. (2002). Floral ontogeny of Cercis (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Cercideae): does it show convergence with papilionoids? International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163, 75-87.
Tucker, S.C., & Bernhardt, P. (2000). Floral ontogeny, pattern formation, and evolution in Hibbertia and Adrastaea (Dilleniaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87, 1915-1936.
Uhl, N.W., & Moore, H.E. (1971). The palm gynoecium. American Journal of Botany, 58, 945-999.
van der Pijl, L. (1953). On the flower biology of some plants from Java with general remarks on flytraps (species of Annona, Artocarpus, Typhonium, Gnetum, Arisaema and Abroma). Ann Bogor, 1, 77-99.
van der Pijl, L., & Dodson, C.H. (1966). Orchid flowers: their pollination and evolution. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press.
van Heel, W.A. (1988). On the development of some gynoecia with septal nectaries. Blumea, 33, 477-504.
van Wyk, B.-E. (1993). Nectar sugar composition in southern African Papilionoideae (Fabaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 271-277.
Vansell, G.H. (1940). Nectar secretion in Poinsettia blossoms. Journal of Economic Entomology, 33, 409-410.
Vanvinckenroye, P., Cresens, E., Decraene, L.P.R., & Smets, E.F. (1993). A comparative floral developmental study in Pisonia, Bougainvillea and Mirabilis (Nyctaginaceae) with special emphasis on the gynoecium and floral nectaries. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 62, 69-96.
Vanvinckenroye, P., & Smets, E.F. (1996). Floral ontogeny of five species of Talinum and of related taxa (Portulacaceae). Journal of Plant Research, 109, 387-402.
Vanvinckenroye, P., & Smets, E.F. (1999). Floral ontogeny of Anacampseros subg. Anacampseros sect. Anacampseros (Portulacaceae). Systematics and Geography of plants, 68, 173-194.
Vassilyev, A., & Koteyeva, N. (2004a). Chloroplasts of nectaries, an additional source of nectar components? Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 89, 558-562.
Vassilyev, A., & Koteyeva, N. (2004b). Comparative analysis of vascular system structure in nectaries and minor leaf veins. 1. “Apoplasmic” species. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 89, 1537-1553.
Vassilyev, A., & Koteyeva, N. (2005). The characterization of nectar pathways from the apoplasm to the nectary surface. Botanicheskii Zhurnal, 90, 854-864.
Venter, H., Johan, T., & Verhoeven, R.L. (2001). Diversity and relationships within the Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 88, 550-568.
Vesprini, J.L., Nepi, M., & Pacini, E. (1999). Nectary structure, nectar secretion patterns and nectar composition in two Helleborus species. Plant Biology, 1, 560-568.
Vezza, M., Nepi, M., Guarnieri, M., Artese, D., Rascio, N., & Pacini, E. (2006). Ivy (Hedera helix L.) flower nectar and nectary ecophysiology. International Journal of Plant Sci-ences, 167, 519-527.
Visintín, A., & Bernardello, G. (2005). Morfología y anatomía floral de Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae). Arnaldoa, 12, 8-15.
Vogel, S. (1974). Ölblumen und ölsammelnde Bienen. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, 7, 285-547.
Vogel, S. (1977). Nectaries and their ecological significance. Apidologie, 8, 321-336.
Vogel, S. (1981a). Bestäubungskonzepte der Monokotylen und ihr Ausdruck im System. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 94, 663-675.
Vogel, S. (1981b). Trichomatische Blütennektarien bei Cucurbitaceen. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 55, 325-353.
Vogel, S. (1983). Ecophysiology of zoophilic pollination. In: O.L. Lange, P.S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond, & H. Ziegler (Eds.), Encyclopedia of plant physiology. new series, volume 12C. Physiological plant ecology III (pp. 559-624). Berlin: Springer.
Vogel, S. (1986). Ölblumen und ölsammelnde. Zweite Folge. Lysimachia and Macropis. Akademie der Wissenchaften und der Literatur, Mathematisch-Naturwissenchafliche Klasse Mainz, 54, 149-312.
Vogel, S. (1990). Ölblumen und ölsammelnde Bienen. Dritte Folge: Momordica, Thaladiantha und die Ctenoplectridae. Tropische und Subtropische Pflanzenwelt, 73, 1-186.
Vogel, S. (1991). Radiacion adaptativa del sindrome floral en las familias neotropicales. Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba, 59, 5-30.
Vogel, S. (1993). Pollination systems. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Brittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 ( pp. 568-569). Berlin: Springer.
Vogel, S. (1997). Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives: I. Substitutive nectaries. Flora, 192, 305-333.
Vogel, S. (1998a). Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives: II. Nectarioles. Flora, 193, 1-29.
Vogel, S. (1998b). Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives III. Nectar ducts. Flora, 193, 113-131.
Vogel, S. (1998c). Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives. IV. Miscellaneous cases. Flora, 193, 225-248.
Vogel, S. (1998d). Floral biology. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), volume 3 (pp. 34-48). Berlin: Springer.
Vogel, S. (2000). The floral nectaries of Malvaceae sensu lato. A conspectus. Kurtziana, 28, 155-171.
von Balthazar, M., & Endress, P.K. (1999). Floral bract function, flowering process and breeding systems of Sarcandra and Chloranthus (Chloranthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 218, 161-178.
von Balthazar, M., & Endress, P.K. (2002). Reproductive structures and systematics of Buxaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 140, 193-228.
Waddle, R. M., & Lersten, N.R. (1973). Morphology of discoid floral nectaries in Leguminosae, especially Tribe Phaseoleae (Papilionoideae). Phytomorphology, 23, 152-161.
von Hagen, K.B., & Kadereit, J.W. (2003). The diversification of Halenia (Gentianaceae): ecological opportunity versus key innovation. Evolution, 57, 2507-2518.
Wagenitz, G. (2004). Globulariaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 159-162). Berlin: Springer.
Wagenitz, G., & Laing, B. (1984). The nectaries of the Dipsacales and their systematic significance. Botanische Jahrbűcher fűr Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 104, 483-507.
Wallace, G.D. (1977). Studies of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae). Floral nectaries: anatomy and function in pollination ecology. American Journal of Botany, 64, 199-206.
Wallnöfer, B. (2004). Ebenaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plants, Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 125-130). Berlin: Springer.
Wang, Y., Ma, H., & Zheng, R. (2000). Studies on the reproductive characteristics of Tetraena mongolica Maxim. Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao, 20, 661-665.
Wannan, B.S., & Quinn, C.J. (1991). Floral structural and evolution in the Anacardiaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 107, 349-386.
Wanntorp, L., & Decraene, L.P.R. (2005). The Gunnera flower: key to eudicot diversification or response to pollination mode? International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 945-953.
Webb, C.J. (1984). Constraints on the evolution of plant breeding systems and their relevance to systematics. In: W.F. Grant (Ed.), Plant biosystematics (pp. 249-270). London: Academic Press.
Weber, A. (2004). Gesneriaceae. In: J.W. Kadereit (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae), volume 7 (pp. 63-158). Berlin: Springer.
Weberling, F. (1977). Comparative and ontogenetic studies on the hair forms of the Dipsacales. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, 53, 61-90.
Webster, G.L. (1994). Classification of the Euphorbiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 81, 3-32.
Weigend, M. (2004). Loasaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 239-254). Berlin: Springer.
Weigend, M. (2005). Notes on the floral morphology in Vivianiaceae (Geraniales). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 253, 125-131.
Weigend, M., & Gottschling, M. (2006). Evolution of funnel-revolver flowers and ornithophily in Nasa (Loasaceae). Plant Biology, 8, 120-142.
Weitzman, A.L., Dressler, S., & Stevens, P.F. (2004). Ternstroemiaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 450-460). Berlin: Springer.
Weller, S.G., Sakai, A.K., Rankin, A.E., Golonka, A., Kutcher, B., & Ashby, K.E. (1998). Dioecy and the evolution of pollination systems in Schiedea and Alsinodendron (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae) in the Hawaiian Islands. American Journal of Botany, 85, 1377-1388.
Wen, Y., & Liao, J. (1999). Floral morphology and anatomy of Orchidantha chinensis (Lowiaceae). Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 7, 329-336.
Weryszko-Chmielewska, E. (2003). Morphology and anatomy of floral nectary and corolla outgrowths of Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. (Boraginaceae). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 45, 43-48.
Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Masierowska, M.L., & Konarska, A. (2003). Characteristics of floral nectaries and nectar in two species of Crataegus (Rosaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 238, 33-41.
Westerkamp, C. (1997). Keel blossoms: bee flowers with adaptations against bees. Flora, 192, 125-132.
Westerkamp, C., & Weber, A. (1999). Keel flowers of the Polygalaceae and Fabaceae: a functional comparison. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 129, 207-221.
Wetschnig, W., & Depisch, B. (1999). Pollination biology of Welwitschia mirabilis Hook. f. (Welwitschiaceae, Gnetopsida). Phyton, 39, 167-183.
Wilken, D.H. (2004). Polemoniaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales, volume 6 (pp. 300-312). Berlin: Springer.
Williamson, P.S., & Schneider, E.L. (1993). Lauraceae. In: K. Kubitzki, J.G. Rohwer, & V. Bittrich (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants, flowering plants, dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families, volume 2 (pp. 470-473). Berlin: Springer.
Williamson, R.E. (1982). Plant mimicry: evolutionary constraints. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 18, 49-58.
Willson, M.F., & Ågren, J. (1989). Differential floral reward and pollination by deceit in unisexual flowers. Oikos, 55, 23-29.
Wist, T.J., & Davis, A.R. (2006). Floral nectar production and nectary anatomy and ultrastructure of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae). Annals of Botany, 97, 177-193.
Woodson, R.E., & Moore, J.A. (1938). The vascular anatomy and comparative morphology of Apocynaceous flowers. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 65, 135-166.
Wortley, A.H., Scotland, R.W., & Rudall, P.J. (2005). Floral anatomy of Thomandersia (Lamiales), with particular reference to the nature of the retinaculum and extranuptial nectaries. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 469-482.
Wunnachit, W., Jenner, C.F., & Sedgley, M. (1992). Floral and extrafloral nectar production in Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae): an andromonoecious species. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153, 413-420.
Zandonella, P. (1977). Apports de l’étude comparée des nectaires floraux à la conception phylogénétique de l’ordre des Centrospermales. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 90, 105-125.
Zer, H., & Fahn, A. (1992). Floral nectaries of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: structure, ultrastructure and nectar secretion. Annals of Botany, 70, 391-397.
Zhang, S., Teng, H., Liu, W.Z., & Hu, Z.H. (1999). Developmental anatomy of bisexual floral nectaries in Vitis vinifera. Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao, 19, 5-8.
Zimmermann, J. (1932). Über die extrafloralen nektarien der Angiospermen. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt, 49, 99-196.
Zink, R.A., & Wheelwright, N.T. (1998). Facultative self-pollination in island irises. American Midland Naturalist, 137, 72-78.
Zuloaga, F.O., & Sendulsky, T. (1988). A revision of Panicum subgenus Phanopyrum section Stolonifera (Poaceae: Paniceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75, 420-455.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bernardello, G. (2007). A systematic survey of floral nectaries. In: Nicolson, S.W., Nepi, M., Pacini, E. (eds) Nectaries and Nectar. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5937-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5937-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5936-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5937-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)