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ComprehendingCornus: Puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods

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Abstract

Dogwoods evolved in two main lineages, a red-fruited line in which the inflorescences have basal bracts, and a blue-(or white-)fruited line in which the bracts are rudimentary or lacking. The 15 “red-line” species are mostly well marked, whereas “blue-line” species—numbering roughly 50 if some newer treatments be accepted—are mostly hard to tell apart. Red-line ovules are tenuinucellate, blue-line ovules crassinucellate. Dividing the red line separates cornelian cherries from the showy-bracted species; dividing the latter separates dwarf cornels from big-bracted dogwoods. Adding in the blue line there are thus four subgroups, which differ with regard to inflorescences— and with regard to iridoid glucosides, among other things. I downplay further subdivision (into opposite- and alternateleaved blue-line groups, for instance) and focus on few traits because I aim to trace the subgroups backward in the fossil record, to decide the direction of evolutionary changes, and to infer the causes for divergence.

Unlike pollen, leaves, and wood, fossil dogwood fruits can often be assigned to one of the four subgroups and sometimes to a species group within a subgroup.Dunstania (based on fruits from England’s early Tertiary and here transferred toCornus’s cornelian cherry subgroup) or something close to the dunstanias gave rise to modernC. volkensii of Africa and four related species found today in California and Eurasia. Fossil fruit-stones of the blue line, like their modern counterparts, can be subglobose, compressed and asymmetric, fluted, or topped by a deep depression. Such a deep depression serves to link a fossil to the extant speciesC. alternifolia andC. controversa, but other features of the blue-line fruitstones, overlapping and less constant, cannot be used to prove a fossil’s tie to groups within the blue line.

Evidence of several kinds makes the blue-line dogwoods oldest and connectsCornus to the nyssoids:Nyssa, Camptotheca, andDavidia. Commonly called Nyssaceae after 1910, when Wangerin got their traits wrong, the nyssoids are surer relatives ofCornus than any of Wangerin’s (“Das Pflanzenreich”) cornaceous genera.Mastixia, however, may be the actual sister group because it shares withCornus 1-celled 2-armed hairs that nyssoids lack.Cornus, nyssoids, and mastixioids (modernMastixia and its closest fossil allies) are here regarded as the true Cornaceae. Other genera once thought to be cornaceous are doubtfully to not at all related. As is now widely known, discordant features makeCorokia andKaliphora (for example) out of place in the Cornaceae, butAucuba andGarrya (for example) are neither easily excluded by a listing of their traits nor easily included by construction of branched diagrams.

The novelty that brought about the radiation of true cornads was, I think, epigyny, followed fairly quickly by the hard endocarp and singleseeded locules. Mastixioid fruits of the late Cretaceous were dry or leathery and smaller than their successors. This suggests that early members of the family spread abiotically or by means of animals that ate whole plants. Bigger, fleshier fruits came later through interaction with evolving frugivores. The cause of early radiation withinCornus probably was interaction with insect predators and pollinators. One species of the blue line escaped competition for spring pollinators by switching to fall flowering and thereby kept some traits that other dogwoods lost. Though birds are now the main dispersers of the dogwoods, rodents likely play a minor role, and monkeys likely played a major role when compound fruits evolved. Though gynoecial reduction was the rule in dogwoods,C. (Dunstania) multilocularis’s multiple seed chambers reflect an evolutionary increase. I postulate that modernCornus’s 4-merous flower with 2-merous ovary has a strong developmental tie to pairing of the leaves and branches.

Zusammenfassung

Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Hartriegelgattung verlief in zwei Hauptstämmen, einem rotfrüchtigen, in dem die Blütenstände grundständige Hochblätter haben, und einem blaufrüchtigen (z. T. weissfrüchtigen), in dem die Hochblätter rudimentär sind oder fehlen. Die 15 “Rotstamm”-Arten sind meist leicht zu unterscheiden, während die “Blaustamm”-Arten—es sind über 50, wenn man einige neuere Bearbeitungen akzeptiert—meist schwer zu unterscheiden sind. Samenanlagen des Rotstammes sind tenuinucellat, die des Blaustammes crassinucellat. Aufteilung des Rotstammes teilt die Kornelkirschenarten von den Hartriegeln mit prächtigen Hochblättern. Aufteilung der letzteren trennt die Zwerghartriegel von den gross-hochblätterigen Hartriegeln. Einschliesslich des Blaustammes sind es also vier Untergruppen, die sich unter anderem in ihren Blütenstände und Iridoidglukosiden—unterscheiden. Ich behandle weitere Untergliederungen nur oberflächlich (etwa Blaustammgruppen mit gegendständigen und wechselständigen Blättern) und konzentriere mich auf wenige Merkmale, da ich die Untergruppen in ihrer Fossilgeschichte verfolgen, die Richtung entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Wechsels bestimmen und auf die Ursachen der Änderungen schliessen will.

Anders als Pollen, Blättern und Holz, kann man die Fruchtreste der Hartriegel oft in eine der vier Untergruppen, manchmal sogar in eine kleinere Artengruppe innerhalb einer Untergruppe, stellen.Dunstania (auf Fruchtreste aus dem frühen Tertiär Englands begründet und hier in die Kornelkirschenuntergruppe der Hartriegel gestellt) oder nahe Verwandte der Dunstanien waren die Vorläufer der modernenCornus volkensii und vier verwandter Arten, die sich heute in Kalifornien, Asien und Europa finden. Fossile Fruchtkerne des Blaustammes können rundlich, zusammengedrückt und asymmetrisch, geriefelt oder von einer tiefen Grube gekrönt sein. Solch eine tiefe Grube verbindet Fossilien mit den existierendenC. alternifolia undC. controversa, aber andere Fruchtformen des Blaustammes, die überlappen und weniger konstant sind, lassen die Zuordnung eines gegebenen Fossils zu irgendeiner Artengruppe innerhalb des Blaustammes nicht zu.

Mehrere Hinweise lassen die Blaustamm-Hartriegel als die ältesten erscheinen und verknüpfenCornus mit den Nyssoideen:Nyssa, Camptotheca undDavidia. Seit Wangerins Missinterpretation ihrer Merkmale (1910,Das Pflanzenreich) werden letztere gewöhnlich als Nyssaceen behandelt, obwohl sie sicherere Verwandte der Hartriegel als irgendeiner der Cornaceengattungen Wangerins sind. Die eigentliche Schwestergruppe der Hartriegel ist vielleichtMastixia, die 1-zellige, 2-armige Haare mitCornus gemeinsam hat, welche den Nyssoideen fehlen.Cornus, die Nyssoideen, und die Mastixioideen (rezenteMastixia mit ihren nächsten fossilen Verwandten) werden hier als echte Cornaceen betrachten. Andere Gattungen, die vormals zu den Cornaceen gestellt wurden, sind kaum oder gar nicht mit jenen verwandt. Inzwischen ist (zum Beispiel) sicher, dassCorokia undKaliphora wegen ihrer besonderen Merkmale nicht in die Cornaceen gehören.Aucuba undGarrya (zum Beispiel) sind weder durch die Summe ihrer Merkmale sicher auszuschliessen, noch mittels der Konstruktion von Verzweigungschemen mit Sicherheit einzuschliessen.

Die entscheidende Neuerwerbung, die die Radiation der echten Cornaceen bewerkstelligte, war, meiner Auffassung nach, die Epigynie, ziemlich rasch gefolgt von einem harten Endokarp und 1-samigen Fruchtfächern. Mastixioideen-Früchte der späten Kreide waren trocken oder ledrig und kleiner als ihre Nachfolger. Das lässt vermuten, dass frühe Mitglieder der Familie sich abiotisch oder mit der Hilfe von Tieren, die die ganze Pflanze assen, ausgebreitet haben. Grössere, fleischigere Früchte kamen später durch das Zusammenwirken mit den sich entwickelnden Fruchtessern zustanden. An der frühen Radiation innerhalbCornus waren wahrscheinlich Wechselwirkungen zwischenCornus und Raubinsekten und Bestäubern ursächlich beteiligt. Eine Art des Blaustammes wich dem Wettbewerb um Bestäuber im Frühling durch Blühen im Herbst aus und behielt so einige Merkmale, die die andere Hartriegel verloren, bei. Obgleich Vögel jetzt die wichtigsten Verbreiter der Hartriegel sind, spielen Nagetiere wahrscheinlich auch eine Rolle; Affen spielten aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach eine Hauptrolle bei der Entstehung zusammengesetzter Früchte. Obgleich bei Hartriegeln Reduktion des Gynoeciums die Regel war, bilden die vermehrten Fruchtfächer vonC. (Dunstania) multilocularis einen entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Fortschritt. Ich stelle die Behauptung auf, dass die 4-teilige Blüte und der 2-teilige Fruchtknoten der modernen Hartriegel starke ontogenetische Bindungen mit der Paarung der Blätter und der Zweige haben.

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Eyde, R.H. ComprehendingCornus: Puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. Bot. Rev 54, 233–351 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02868985

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