Abstract
The precipitation method is an efficient, economically feasible, and reproducible synthetic route to cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries with attractive performance characteristics, in particular, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). This paper reviews the mechanisms of the key steps of the synthesis, namely, precipitation of iron phosphate FePO4 followed by its sintering with a lithium-containing raw material to give the LiFePO4 phase. The most probable interactions determining the kinetics of the precipitation process are considered using the data on the dissociation degree of the reacting components. The influence of the nature and concentrations of the commonly used sources of iron (FeSO4, FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3) and phosphorus (H3PO4, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4), as well as the precipitation conditions (pH, temperature) on the precipitation efficiency of FePO4 is analyzed. The effect of the nature of the lithium-containing raw material (LiOH, Li2CO3, LiNO3) and the sintering (calcination) temperature on the morphology, phase composition, and electrochemical properties of the resulting LiFePO4 is discussed. The possibility is considered of obtaining spherical particles with high bulk density, which provides high specific and volumetric energy density of electrochemical cells. Based on the relationships established, optimal parameters for the synthesis of LiFePO4 with preliminary FePO4 precipitation step are proposed.
References
D. Choi, N. Shamim, A. Crawford, Q. Huang, Ch. K. Vartanian, V. V. Viswanathan, M. D. Paiss, Md J. E. Alam, D. Reed, V. Sprenkle, J. Power Sources, 2021, 511, 230419; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230419.
H. Lund, Energy, 2007, 32, 6, 912–919; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.017.
Erdiwansyah, Mahidin, H. Husin, Nasaruddin, M. Zaki, M. Erdiwansyah, Prot. Control. Mod. Power Syst., 2021, 6, 3; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-021-00181-3.
J. Hu, L. Li, E. Hu, S. Chae, H. Jia, T. Liu, B. Wu, Y. Bi, K. Amine, C. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Tao, J. Xiao, Nano Energy, 2021, 79, 105420; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105420.
Y. Li, Y.-F. Du, G.-H. Sun, Eco Mat., 2021, 3, 312091; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12091.
C. M. Costa, J. C. Barbosa, R. Gonçalves, H. Castro, F. J. Del Campo, S. Lanceros-Méndez, Energy Storage Mater., 2021, 37, 433; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.02.032.
X. Zhang, Z. Li, L. Luo, Y. Fan, Z. Du, Energy, 2022, 238, 121652; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121652.
W. Li, Y.-G. Cho, W. Yao, Y. Li, A. Cronk, R. Shimizu, M. A. Schroeder, Ya. Fu, F. Zou, V. Battaglia, A. Manthiram, M. Zhang, Y. Sh. Meng, J. Power Sources, 2020, 473, 228579; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228579.
M. Freire, N. Kosova, C. Jordy, D. Chateigner, O. I. Lebedev, A. Maignan, V. Pralong, Nature Mater., 2016, 15, 173–177; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4479.
S. Bourlot, P. Blanchard, S. Robert, J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, 6841; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.103.
L. Unterreiner, V. Jülch, S. Reith, Energy Proc., 2016, 99, 229; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.113.
D. Miranda, C. M. Costa, S. Lanceros-Mendez, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2015, 739, 97; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.010.
Zh. J. Zhang, Premanand Ramadass, W. Fang, 18 — Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries Lithium-Ion Batteries, Elsevier, 2014, 409; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59513-3.00018-2.
Z. Li, D. Zhang, F. Yang, J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, 2435; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3316-z.
Y. Xu, Y. Dong, X. Han, X. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Jiao, H. Yuan, ACS Sust. Chem. Eng., 2015, 3, 2435; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00455.
M. Wang, Q. Tan, L. Liu, J. Li, J. Hazard. Mater., 2019, 380, 120846; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120846.
S. Sharma, A. Manthiram, Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 4087; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02511a.
Y. Miao, P. Hynan, A. von Jouanne, A. Yokochi, Energies, 2019, 12, 1074; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061074.
W.-J. Zhang, J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, 2962; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.113.
A. Eftekhari, J. Power Sources, 2017, 343, 395; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.080.
H. Zhang, Zh. Zou, Sh. Zhang, J. Liu, Sh. Zhong, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2020, 15, 12041; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2020.12.71.
W. F. Howard, R. M. Spotnitz, J. Power Sources, 2007, 165, 887; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.046.
Y. Zhang, Q.-y. Huo, P.-p. Du, L.-zh. Wang, A.-q. Zhang, Y.-h. Song, Y. Lv, G.-y. Li, Synth. Metals, 2012, 162, 13–14, 1315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.025.
P. M. Pratheeksha, E. H. Mohan, B. V. Sarada, M. Ramakrishna, K. Hembram, P. V. Venkata Srinivas, P. J. Daniel, T. N. Rao, S. Anandan, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017, 19.1, 175; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP06923A.
K. Naoi, K. Kisu, E. Iwama, S. Nakashima, Y. Sakai, Y. Orikasa, P. Leone, N. Dupré, T. Brousse, P. Rozier, W. Naoi, P. Simon, Energy Environ. Sci., 2016, 9, 2143; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ee00829a.
S. H. Ha, Y. J. Lee, Chem.-Eur. J., 2014, 21, 2132; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404952.
C. Huang, T. Kuo, S. Yougbaré, L. Lin, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2022, 607, 1457; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.118.
Z. Li, J. Yang, T. Guang, B. Fan, K. Zhu, X. Wang, Small Methods, 2021, 5, 2100193; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202100193.
J. Xue, Z. Zhang, H. Guo, R. Liu, Y. Wang, L. Wen, G. Liang, Ionics, 2022, 28, 4229–4237; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-022-04632-1.
D. Xu, X. Chu, Y. He, Z. Ding, B. Li, W. Han, H. Du, F. Kang, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 152, 398; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.025.
C. Qiu, L. Liu, F. Du, X. Yang, C. Wang, G. Chen, Y. Wie, Chem. Res. Chin. Univ., 2015, 31, 270; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-015-4367-0.
Y. Azizi, S. M. Sadrameli, Energy Conv. Manag., 2016, 128, 294; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.081.
F. Yu, J. Zhang, Y. Yang, G. Song, J. Power Sources, 2010, 195, 19, 6873; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.01.042.
D. Jugović, D. Uskoković, J. Power Sources, 190, 2, 538; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.074.
Y. Zhang, Q. Huo, P. Du, L. Wang, A. Zhang, Y. Song, Y. Lv, G. Li, Synth. Metals, 2012, 162, 1315; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.025.
T. V. S. L. Satyavani, A. Srinivas Kumar, P. S. V. Subba Rao, Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J., 2016, 19, 178; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.06.002.
D.-H. Seo, K.-Y. Park, H. Kim, S.-K. Jung, M.-S. Park, K. Kang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2018, 8, 1701408; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701408.
D. Vernardou, Coatings, 2022, 12, 1543; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101543.
V. Sreeja, P. A. Joy, Mater. Res. Bull., 2007, 42, 1570; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.11.014.
N. Bai, H. Chen, W. Zhou, K. Xiang, Y. Zhang, C. Li, H. Lu, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 167, 172; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.163.
A. Kulka, K. Walczak, W. Zając, J. Molenda, J. Solid State Chem., 2017, 253, 367; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2017.06.022.
X. Pan, Y. Sun, S. Zhuang, G. Sun, S. Jiang, Y. Ren, Y. Wen, X. Li, F. Tu, Vacuum, 2023, 212, 112258; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112258.
G. Liu, S. Zhang, X. Wei, S. Wang, Y. Yu, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2016, 11, 6799; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2016.08.28.
J. Cui, Y. Du, H. Xiao, Q. Yi, D. Du, Hydrometallurgy, 2014, 146, 169; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.03.012.
O. Gileva, P. Aryal, S. Karki, H. Kim, Y. Kim, V. Milyutin, H. Park, K. Shin, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2017, 314, 1695; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5568-4.
S. Sun, S. Wang, Y. Ye, B. Pan, Water Res., 2019, 153, 21; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.007.
V.N. Bulut, C. Duran, A. Gundogdu, M. Soylak, N. Yildirim, L. Elci, Talanta, 2008, 76, 469; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.03.040.
L. Kouisni, M. Azzi, M. Zertoubi, F. Dalard, S. Maximovitch, Surface Coat. Technol., 2004, 185, 58; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.061.
L. Ying, L. Xia Wang, D. Lu, J. Sun, J. C. Sun, Key Eng. Mater., 2012, 519, 132; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.519.132.
I. Mahmud, DS. Kim, S. C. Ur, J. Korean Phys. Soc., 2016, 68, 1211; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.68.1211.
L. Wu, X. Li, Z. Wang, L. Li, J. Zheng, H. Guo, Q. Hu, J. Fang, J. Power Sources, 2009, 189, 681; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.097.
F. Gao, Z. Tang, J. Xue, J. Univer. Sci. Technol. Beijing, Mineral, Metall., Mater., 2008, 15, 802; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8850(08)60291-1.
R. Qi, Z. Xu, Y. Zhou, D. Zhang, Z. Sun, W. Chen, M. Xiong, Energy, 2021, 214, 118926; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118926.
J. Li, J. Wu, Y. Li, H. Zhao, T. Zhao, S. Ma, H. Liu, J. Taiwan Institute Chem. Eng., 2019, 99, 74; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2019.03.002.
B. Q. Zhu, X. H. Li, Z. X. Wang, H. J. Guo, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2006, 98, 373; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.09.046.
J. Li, Z.-F. Ma, Chemistry, 2019, 5, 3; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2018.12.012.
Z. Cao, B. Ma, C. Wang, B. Shi, Y. Chen, Hydrometallurgy, 2022, 212, 105896; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2022.105896.
K. Kandori, T. Kuwae, T. Ishikawa, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 300, 225; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.072.
Y. Lu, T. Zhang, Y. Liu, G. Luo, Chem. Eng. J., 2012, 210, 18; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.077.
J. Thistleton, T.-A. Berry, P. Pearce, S.A. Parsons, Process Safety Environ. Protect., 2002, 80, 265; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1205/095758202762277623.
W. Lou, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Zheng, P. Sun, X. Wang, S. Qiao, J. Li, Y. Zhang, D. Liu, M. Wenzel, J. J. Weigand, J. Alloys Compd., 2021, 856, 158148; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158148.
C. Huang, D. Ai, L. Wang, X. He, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2016, 11, 754–762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)15881-0.
L. Wang, X. He, W. Sun, J. Wang, Y. Li, S. Fan, Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 5632; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/nl3027839.
Y. Zhu, S. Tang, H. Shi, H. Hu, Ceram. Inter., 2014, 40, 2685; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.10.055.
X. Zhang, K. Zhou, D. Zeng, J. Li, Y. Wu, W. Chen, C. Peng, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2022, 109, 86; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-022-03472-z.
X. Zhang, K. Zhou, Q. Lei, Y. Huang, C. Peng, W. Chen, J. Miner., Metal. Mater. Soc., 2019, 71, 4608; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03801-4.
M. Balintova, A. Petrilakova, Chem. Eng. Trans., 2011, 25, 1–6; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1125058.
C. Hsieh, I. L. Chen, W. Chen, J. Wang, Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 83, 202; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.108.
X.-X. Zhang, S.-S. Tang, M.-L. Chen, J.-H. Wang, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2012, 27, 466; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JA10292G.
Y. Song, H. H. Hahn, E. Hoffmann, Chemosphere, 2002, 48, 1029; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00183-2.
T. Maqbool, P. Srikiratiwong, H. S. Fogler, Energy & Fuels, 2011, 25, 694; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ef101112r.
J. Wang, J. Li, Q. Wang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, C. T. Liu, Scripta Mater., 2019, 168, 19; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.04.013.
M. Covarrubias-Cervantes, S. Bongard, D. Champion, A. Voilley, LWT - Food Sci. Technol., 2005, 38, 371; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.06.015.
Y. Xiao, Z. Zhen, H. P. Wie, Adv. Mater. Res., 2014, 875–877, 95; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.95.
L. Yang, Y. Feng, C. Wang, D. Fang, G. Yi, Z. Gao, P. Shao, C. Liu, X. Luo, S. Luo, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 431, 1385; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133232.
T. Roncal-Herrero, J. D. Rodríguez-Blanco, L. G. Benning, E. H. Oelkers, Cryst. Growth Design, 2009, 9, 5197; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cg900654m.
A. Dickson, J. Riley, Marine Chem., 1979, 7, 101–109; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(79)90002-1.
C. Wang, Y. Xunlong, T. Huiyun, J. Shuofeng, M. Ziting, Z. Junjie, W. Xuewen, C. Dapeng, D. Yifan, Coatings, 2021, 11, 1137; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091137.
S. Deng, H. Wang, H. Liu, J. Liu, H. Yan, Nano-Micro Lett., 2014, 6, 209; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03353785.
S. B. Lee, S. H. Cho, S. J. Cho, G. J. Park, S. H. Park, Y. S. Lee, Electrochem. Commun., 2008, 10, 1219; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.06.007.
H. Li, L. Peng, D. B. Wu, J. Wu, Y.-J. Zhu, X. L. Hu, Adv. Energy Mater., 2019, 9, 1802930; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802930.
H. Liu, P. Zhang, G. C. Li, Q. Wu, Y. P. Wu, J. Solid State Electrochem, 2008, 12, 1011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0478-y.
Q. Fan, L. Lei, X. Xu, G. Yin, Y. Sun, J. Power Sources, 2014, 257, 65; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.044.
W. Peng, L. Jiao, H. Gao, Z. Qi, Q. Wang, H. Du, Y. Si, Y. Wang, H. Yuan, J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, Issue 5, 2841; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.065.
T. T. Zhan, W. F. Jiang, C. Li, X. D. Luo, G. Lin, Y. W. Li, S. H. Xiao, Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 246, 322; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.151.
G. Hu, X. Xie, Z. Peng, K. Du, Z. Gan, L. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. Cao, Solid State Ionics, 2019, 340, 115014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115014.
F. Yang, H. Zhang, Y. Shao, H. Song, S. Liao, J. Ren, Ceram. Inter., 2017, 43, 16652; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.055.
A.T. Phan, A.E. Gheribi, P. Chartrand, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 2018, 97, 2224; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23416.
B. Chen, M. Liu, S. Cao, G. Chen, X. Guo, X. Wang, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2022, 279, 125750; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125750.
C. W. Kim, J. S. Park, K. S. Lee, J. Power Sources, 2006, 163, 144; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.071.
L. Wang, Y. Huang, R. Jiang, D. Jia, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, 52, 6778; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.04.104.
S. Vedala, M. Sushama, Mat. Tod.:Proc., 2018, 5, 1649, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.259.
Z. Liu, J. Li, Y. Xing, L. Wang, S. Fang, B. Xu, X. Qu, Ionics, 2014, 20, 1511; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-014-1110-7.
Z. Q. Hu, D. X. Yang, K. J. Yin, J. X. Liu, F. Li, W. Y. Gao, Y. Qin, H. Liu, Adv. Mater. Res., 2013, 669, 311; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.669.311.
O. Toprakci, H. A. K. Toprakci, L. Ji, X. Zhang, KONA Powder and Particle J., 2010, 28, 50–73; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14356/kona.2010008.
Y. E. Milián, N. Reinaga, M. Grágeda, S. Ushak, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 2020, 94, 22; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-05090-4.
J. J. Ma, J. Zhou, X. M. Zu, X. Y. Wang, Adv. Mater. Res., 2015, 1120–1121, 128; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.128.
Z. Chen, H. Zhu, S. Ji, R. Fakir, V. Linkov, Solid State Ionics, 2008, 179, 1810; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2008.04.018.
M. M. Doeff, J. D. Wilcox, R. Kostecki, G. Lau, J. Power Sources, 2006, 163, 180; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.075.
F. Gao, Z. Tang, J. Xue, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, 53, 1939; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.08.048.
C.-Z. Lu, G. Ting-Kuo Fey, H.-M. Kao, J. Power Sources, 2009, 189, 155; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.015.
Y.-D. Cho, G. Ting-Kuo Fey, H.-M. Kao, J. Power Sources, 2009, 189, 256; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.053.
H. C. Shin, W. Cho, H. Jang, Electrochim. Acta, 2006, 52, 1472; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.01.078.
T. Wu, X. Ma, X. Liu, G. Zeng, W. Xiao, Mater. Technol., 2015, 30, A70; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/17535557A15Y.000000011.
Y. Z. Dong, Y. M. Zhao, Y. H. Chen, Z. F. He, Q. Kuang, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2099, 115, 245; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.11.063.
L. Wang, G. C. Liang, X. Q. Ou, X. K. Zhi, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Cui, J. Power Sources, 2009, 189, 423; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.07.032.
G. Xie, H.-J. Zhu, X.-M. Liu, H. Yang, J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 574, 155; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.281.
Y. Zhang, H. Shi, Q. Meng, Y. Yao, P. Dong, D. Wang, J. Duan, B. Xu, Ionics, 2020, 26, 4949; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03664-9.
C. Miao, P. Bai, Q. Jiang, S. Sun, X. Wang, J. Power Sources, 2014, 246, 232; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.077.
H. B. Gu, D. K. Jun, G. C. Park, B. Jin, E. M. Jin, J Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2007, 7, 3980; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.079.
X. Gao, G. Hu, Z. Peng, K. Du, Electrochim. Acta, 2009, 54, 4777; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.12.024.
S. W. Oh, S.-T. Myung, S.-M. Oh, C. S. Yoon, K. Amine, Y.-K. Sun, Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55, 1193; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.007.
H.-M. Xie, R.-S. Wang, J.-R. Ying, L.-Y. Zhang, A. F. Jalbout, H.-Y. Yu, G.-L. Yang, X.-M. Pan, Z.-M. Su, Adv. Mater., 2006, 18, 2609; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200600578.
J. Ying, C. Jiang, C. Wan, J. Power Sources, 2004, 129, 264; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.10.007.
J. Lim, V. Mathew, K. Kim, J. Moon, J. Kim, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2011, 158, A736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3581029.
X. Wang, L. Wen, Y. Zheng, H. Liu, G. Liang, Ionics, 2019, 25, 4589; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-019-03025-1.
C. Yan, K. Wu, P. Jing, H. Luo, Y. Zhang, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2022, 280, 125711; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.125711.
Y. Ma, T. Li, F. Jiang, Y. Jiang, F. Gao, L. Liu, Y. Wu, Y. Meng, X. Ma, Z. Zi, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2022, 17, 220453; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2022.04.32.
J. Sun, Z. Li, X. Ren, L. Wang, G. Liang, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 773, 788; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.215.
L. Wu, S.-K. Zhong, J.-Q. Liu, F. Lv, K. Wan, Mater. Lett., 2012, 89, 32; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.076.
Z.-R. Chang, H.-J. Lv, H.-W. Tang, H.-J. Li, X.-Z. Yuan, H. Wang, Electrochim. Acta, 2009, 54, 4595; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.063.
L. Chen, Z. Chen, S. Liu, H. Zhang, Q. Huang, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2018, 13, 5413; DOI: https://doi.org/10.20964/2018.06.21.
X. Lou, Y. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 4156; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM03331F.
J. Qian, M. Zhou, Y. Cao, X. Ai, H. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114, 3477; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp912102k.
Y. Jin, X. Tang, H. Wang, RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 75602; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA13907H.
J. Guo, L. Chen, X. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Tang, Mater. Lett., 2013, 106, 290; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.05.044.
R. Chen, Y. Wu, X. Y. Kong, J. Power Sources, 2014, 258, 246; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.068.
N. Bai, H. Chen, W. Zhou, K. Xiang, Y. Zhang, C. Li, H. Lu, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 167, 172; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.163.
K. S. Park, K. T. Kang, S. B. Lee, G. Y. Kim, Y. J. Park, H. G. Kim, Mater. Res. Bull., 2004, 39, 1803; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2004.07.003.
Y.-J. Wu, Y.-J. Gu, Y.-B. Chen, H.-Q. Liu, C.-Q. Liu, Inter. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43, 2050; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.061.
Y. Liu, C. Cao, Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55, 4694; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.033.
J. Zheng, X. Li, Z. Wang, H. Guo, S. Zhou, J. Power Sources, 2008, 184, 574; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.016.
Y. Ding, Y. Jiang, F. Xu, J. Yin, H. Ren, Q. Zhuo, Z. Long, P. Zhang, Electrochem. Commun., 2010, 12, 10; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.10.023.
R. Trócoli, J. Morales, J. Santos Peña, Solid State Ionics, 2014, 255, 30; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2013.11.038.
T. Zhang, D. Gong, S. Lin, J. Yu, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 449, 137830; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137830.
A. H. Omidi, A. Babaei, A. Ataie, Mater. Res. Bull., 2020, 125, 110807; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.110807.
Y. Wang, J. Zhang, S. Tian, J. Xue, L. Wen, G. Liang, Ionics, 2021, 27, 993; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03881-2.
X. Wang, L. Wen, Y. Zheng, X. Ren, Y. Li, G. Liang, Ionics, 2020, 26, 4433; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03594-6.
X. Yan, Y. Yang, C. Li, J. Liu, J. Wang, F. Xi, T. Wang, W. He, Ionics, 2022, 28, 1559; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-021-04430-1.
S. Wang, H. Yang, L. Feng, S. Sun, J. Guo, Y. Yang, H. Wei, J. Power Sources, 2013, 233, 43; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.124.
D. Jugović, M. Mitrić, M. Kuzmanović, N. Cvjetićanin, S. Škapin, B. Cekić, V. Ivanovski, D. Uskoković, J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, 4613; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.072.
W. K. Zhang, H. J. Zeng, Y. Xia, L. C. Qian, B. Zhao, H. Huang, Y. P. Gan, X. Y. Tao, Adv. Mater. Res., 2011, 399–401, 1510; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1510.
X. Qin, G. Yang, F. Ma, F. Cai, Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 2016, 90, 233–239; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024415120304.
Y. J. Gu, P. Liu, Y. B. Chen, H. Q. Liu, Y. M. Wang, F. X. Hao, Q. G. Zhang, S. Q. Li, Adv. Mater. Res., 2013, 643, 100; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.643.100.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 22-73-00246; https://rscf.ru/project/22-73-00246/).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Animal Testing and Ethics
No human or animal subjects were used in this research.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. P. Egorov on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 14–32, January, 2024.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Babkin, A.V., Kubarkov, A.V., Styuf, E.A. et al. Preparation of battery-grade LiFePO4 by the precipitation method: a review of specific features. Russ Chem Bull 73, 14–32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-024-4119-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-024-4119-8