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Microbial adaptation and impact into the pesticide’s degradation

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Abstract

The imprudent use of agrochemicals to control agriculture and household pests is unsafe for the environment. Hence, to protect the environment and diversity of living organisms, the degradation of pesticides has received widespread attention. There are different physical, chemical, and biological methods used to remediate pesticides in contaminated sites. Compared to other methods, biological approaches and their associated techniques are more effective, less expensive and eco-friendly. Microbes secrete several enzymes that can attach pesticides, break down organic compounds, and then convert toxic substances into carbon and water. Thus, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional genes and genomic potential of microbial species for the removal of emerging pollutants. Here we address the knowledge gaps by highlighting systematic biology and their role in adaptation of microbial species from agricultural soils with a history of pesticide usage and profiling shifts in functional genes and microbial taxa abundance. Moreover, by co-metabolism, the microbial species fulfill their nutritional requirements and perform more efficiently than single microbial-free cells. But in an open environment, free cells of microbes are not much prominent in the degradation process due to environmental conditions, incompatibilities with mechanical equipment and difficulties associated with evenly distributing inoculum through the agroecosystem. This review highlights emerging techniques involving the removal of pesticides in a field-scale environment like immobilization, biobed, biocomposites, biochar, biofilms, and bioreactors. In these techniques, different microbial cells, enzymes, natural fibers, and strains are used for the effective biodegradation of xenobiotic pesticides.

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Abbreviations

HTS:

High throughput sequencing

OP:

Organophosphorus

HRT:

Hydraulic retention times

PAHs:

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

MTBE:

Hexavalent chromium and methyl tert-butyl ether

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCR:

Polymerase change reaction

SMC:

Spent mushroom compost

AMPA:

Aminomethylphosphonic acid

EPS:

Extra polymeric substance

PF:

Pronephros

QP:

Quinalphos

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The authors have not disclosed any funding.

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Authors

Contributions

SA prepared the original manuscript, figures, and tables. SA, HWA contributed to revising the manuscript. All authors approved it for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pankaj Bhatt.

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The authors declare no conflict of authors.

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Communicated by Muhammad Bilal.

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Ahmad, S., Ahmad, H.W. & Bhatt, P. Microbial adaptation and impact into the pesticide’s degradation. Arch Microbiol 204, 288 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02899-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02899-6

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