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Methanogens in the Digestive Tract of Termites

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(Endo)symbiotic Methanogenic Archaea

Part of the book series: Microbiology Monographs ((MICROMONO,volume 19))

Abstract

Methanogenesis in the enlarged hindgut compartments of termites is a product of symbiotic digestion, fueled by hydrogen and reduced one-carbon compounds formed during the fermentative breakdown of plant fiber and humus. Methanogens are not always the predominant hydrogenotrophic microorganisms, especially in wood-feeding termites, but are restricted to particular microhabitats within the gut. The methanogens in lower termites belong to different lineages of Methanobacteriales that either are endosymbionts of flagellate protists or colonize the periphery of the hindgut, a habitat that is not fully anoxic. The oxygen-reducing capacities of the few isolates so far available indicate that they are well adapted to the continuous influx of oxygen across the gut wall. Higher termites, which lack gut flagellates, often have highly compartmented guts with highly dynamic physicochemical conditions, including redox and pH. The differences between the microenvironments are most pronounced in the soil-feeding species, where each compartment houses a characteristic archaeal community, comprising Methanobacteriales, Methanosarcinales, Methanomicrobiales, and a novel, deep-branching lineage of putative methanogens distantly related to the Thermoplasmatales. All clades form distinct phylogenetic clusters unique to the intestinal tract of insects, but with the exception of several Methanobrevibacter species, none of these archaea have been isolated in pure culture. The high methane emissions of termites, together with their enormous biomass in the tropics, make them a significant natural source of this important greenhouse gas.

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Nicolas Faivre for carefully preparing the phylogenetic tree in Fig. 4.

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  1. Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany

    Andreas Brune

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  1. Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, POB 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, Netherlands

    Johannes H.P. Hackstein

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Brune, A. (2010). Methanogens in the Digestive Tract of Termites. In: Hackstein, J. (eds) (Endo)symbiotic Methanogenic Archaea. Microbiology Monographs, vol 19. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13615-3_6

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