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Enhancement of Plant Secondary Metabolites by Genetic Manipulation

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Genetic Manipulation of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plant

Part of the book series: Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances ((IBA))

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Abstract

Secondary metabolites comprise the large repository of biomolecules, which are biosynthesized by bacteria, plants, and microorganisms. The metabolites necessary to perform day-to-day routine activities are termed primary metabolites and are the outcome of primary metabolism. Secondary metabolism forms more diverse and complex biomolecules termed as secondary metabolites; these are the end product of secondary metabolism. Depending upon the diverse functional group or basic carbon skeleton, secondary metabolites are categorized as terpenes, phenolics, and alkaloids. All the secondary metabolites are biosynthesized in either one of the shikimic acid, malonic acid, mevalonic acid, and methylerythritol phosphate pathways. These secondary metabolites enable the plant’s survival in different habitats and fluctuating environment conditions. The secondary metabolites are more economical and have lesser side effects as compared to chemical drugs, therefore an indispensable part of the traditional healthcare system. They are also useful in food, aroma, spices, and perfume industry. Owing to their diverse and multiple uses, there exists a huge gap between their production and demand. Due to the uniqueness and complexity in the chemical structures of secondary metabolites, often complete plants/organisms are used for harvesting secondary metabolites. The production of secondary metabolite in their native systems has the problems, such as low yield, tissue- and organ-specific compartmentalization, and accumulation in response to specific growth or environmental and geographical conditions. Moreover, harvesting secondary metabolites from the wild or native stage is often not a sustainable way, as this might result in the overharvesting of concerned plant as well as to deterioration of biodiversity. Apart from this, the pharmaceutical industry demands homogeneous samples having uniform compositions of the bioactive principles that is difficult to be achieved when harvesting, or collection is done randomly from the wild. The practices, such as cultivation, culturing, and domestication of the source organism, might be a valuable alternative, providing more uniform conditions and delivering homogenous composition of desired valuable secondary metabolites. But in most of the cases, the feasibility of this approach is limited because of various reasons. To overcome these hurdles concerning to the low synthesis, heterogeneity in composition, and accumulation in response to specific cues or specific stage of secondary metabolites, genetic manipulation of host organism seems to be a viable option. The research related to secondary metabolism through genetic manipulation is expanding at a fast pace and is challenging in molecular biology and biotechnology, holding unlimited opportunities. New advents in molecular biology, functional genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics are expanding our understanding of the pathways, networks, genes, and enzymes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. These inputs from different dimensions of genetic manipulations are contributing determinant role in developing efficient strategies for targeted biosynthesis of valuable secondary metabolites. With the ever-increasing demand for novel drugs related to recently identified molecular targets, genetic manipulation will likely become more and more relevant. The lucrative economic aspects of commercial and industrial production of secondary metabolite related to pharmaceuticals, food, nutraceutical, aromatic, and perfume industries could magnetize investments and interest and build up new opportunities in this promising research field. This chapter discusses the various approaches and strategies used for the genetic manipulation of secondary metabolites and manipulation of the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolite products, leading to an improved quantity of secondary metabolites or more valuable and desired biomolecules. The various examples concerned with each approach have been also mentioned.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Harsharan Singh

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  1. Harsharan Singh
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Correspondence to Harsharan Singh .

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  1. Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bihar, India

    Ravi Singh

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India

    Nitish Kumar

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Singh, H. (2023). Enhancement of Plant Secondary Metabolites by Genetic Manipulation. In: Singh, R., Kumar, N. (eds) Genetic Manipulation of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plant. Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4939-7_4

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