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Heavy Metal Waste Management to Combat Climate Crisis: An Overview of Plant-Based Strategies and Its Current Developments

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Integrated Waste Management

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Abstract

Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals is currently a serious global problem. These deleterious heavy metal pollutants quickly build up in the environment causing a critical concern for agricultural production and food safety. An efficient and sustainable waste management system to remediate heavy metals in the environment is crucial for the survival of any ecosystem. Management of heavy metal contamination has so far been accomplished using a variety of physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physical and chemical approaches typically have several drawbacks, e.g., they are high in cost they are labor intensive, they render irreversible changes to soil quality and they disrupt the native soil flora. Chemical approaches also have the potential to produce secondary pollution problems and are non-sustainable. Therefore, research to develop waste management methods that are affordable, efficient, and advantageous to the environment is in the spotlight. In this review, an age-old plant-based method of heavy metal waste management, called phytoremediation, has been described. At this point, the various strategic methods applied by hyperaccumulator plants have been summarized. The current developments of phytotechnology, involving the use of cutting-edge biotechnological tools in enhancing the scope and relevance of phytoremediation, have been described including the development of transgenics, the use of nanoparticles, earthworms, and microorganisms. We highlight the lacuna in the current information and suggest a desirable way ahead in the context of climate action. Furthermore, this green solution to heavy metal waste management has tremendous potential that all stakeholders of environmental management have heavily counted on, given the unprecedented battle against pollution in times of global climate change.

Swagata Karak and Garima have contributed equally.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the contributions (for artwork and figure description of Fig. 1 of Suparna Biswas, Anahita Banerjee, and Godhulee Chatterjee, undergraduate students, Botany, Jogamaya Devi College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata. G expresses her sincere gratitude to Prof. Avneesh Mittal (Principal, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences) and Prof. N. S. Abbas (Teacher-in-Charge, Botany, BCAS) for their motivation and support. AKC is grateful to Prof. Paul Verslues (Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) and Prof. Rajiv Agrawal (Principal, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi) for their continuous support and for providing a congenial academic environment. EB acknowledges the support of a Maharishi Kanad Postdoctoral Fellowship, Institution of Eminence-Delhi University. AKC acknowledges Academia Sinica and Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology for support of postdoctoral fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Jogamaya Devi College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India

    Swagata Karak

  2. Department of Botany, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110075, India

    Garima

  3. Delhi School of Climate Change & Sustainability, Institution of Eminence-University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Eapsa Berry

  4. Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 11528, Taiwan

    Ashish Kumar Choudhary

  5. Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110019, India

    Ashish Kumar Choudhary

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  1. Swagata Karak
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  2. Garima
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  3. Eapsa Berry
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  4. Ashish Kumar Choudhary
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Correspondence to Eapsa Berry or Ashish Kumar Choudhary .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Technology Bhavan, Delhi, India

    Akanksha Gupta

  2. Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

    Ravinder Kumar

  3. Special Centre for Nano Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India

    Vinod Kumar

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Karak, S., Garima, Berry, E., Choudhary, A.K. (2024). Heavy Metal Waste Management to Combat Climate Crisis: An Overview of Plant-Based Strategies and Its Current Developments. In: Gupta, A., Kumar, R., Kumar, V. (eds) Integrated Waste Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0823-9_9

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