Abstract
Thermophiles are a group of heat loving microbes thriving in various hot ecological niches including geothermal springs. Many high-altitude geothermal springs are located on the territory of Tajikistan, microbial diversity of which have not yet been explored.
Over the last decades, thermophilic microbes have fascinated researches in many fields due to their ability to withstand and function under extreme conditions. Thermophilic microbes are a great source of thermostable enzymes, which show unique features that can be used in biotechnological processes at elevated temperatures and under other harsh conditions. Unexplored geothermal springs in Tajikistan are promising sources for isolation of thermophilic microbes with useful enzymatic activities.
In this regard, a total of 21 thermophilic aerobic bacteria and one thermophilic anaerobic bacterium were isolated from three high-altitude mineralized Tajik geothermal springs with temperatures ranging from 50.5 to 89 °C. The isolates were phylogenetically identified and studied for their potential to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (such as protease, amylase, lipase, and cellulase). The identification of isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed relationships to members of more than 10 different species belonging to 5 genera, namely Aeribacillus, Anoxybacillus, Geobacillus, Parageobacillus, and Thermotoga. Geobacillus spp. were found to be the most abundant (cultivable) aerobic species in the studied geothermal springs. Some of the isolated bacilli shared less than 96% sequence similarity with their closest match in GenBank, indicating that Tajik geothermal springs harbor potentially novel bacilli species. More than 20 isolates actively produced one or more extracellular hydrolases like proteases, amylases, or lipases, which makes them a potential source for thermostable hydrolases for use in biotechnological processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdusamadzoda D, Panosyan H, Birkeland N-K, Bobodzhanova KI (2016) Anaerobic Thermophiles from geothermal springs Khodja-Obi-Garm, Tajikistan. Materials of the Republican scientific and theoretical conference of the teaching staff and students of TNU, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the State Independence of the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe, pp 587–588a
Adams MW, Kelly RM (1998) Finding and using hyperthermophilic enzymes. Trends Biotechnol 16(8):329–332
Aguilar A, Ingemansson T, Magnien E (1998) Extremophile microorganisms as cell factories: support from the European union. Extremophiles 2(3):367–373
Ahmad S, Scopes RK, Rees GN, Patel BKC (2000) Saccharococcus caldoxylosilyticus sp nov., an obligately thermophilic, xylose-utilizing, endospore-forming bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:517–523
Aliyu H, Lebre P, Blom J, Cowan D, De Maayer P (2016) Phylogenomic reassessment of the thermophilic genus Geobacillus. Syst Appl Microbiol 39:527–533
Amanuel MG, Nancy LMB (2018) Thermotolerant bacteria of biotechnological potential from hot springs in Eritrea. Afr J Microbiol Res 12:512–524
Amend JP, Shock EL (2001) Energetics of overall metabolic reactions of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 25(2):175–243
Arya M, Joshi GK, Gupta AK, Kumar A, Raturi A (2015) Isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacterial strains from Soldhar (Tapovan) hot spring in Central Himalayan region, India. Ann Microbiol 65(3):1457–1464
Ash C, Farrow JAE, Wallbanks S, Collins MD (1991) Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative-analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences. Lett Appl Microbiol 13(4):202–206
Balk M, Weijma J, Stams AJM (2002) Thermotoga lettingae sp nov., a novel thermophilic, methanol-degrading bacterium isolated from a thermophilic anaerobic reactor. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1361–1368
Banat IM, Marchant R, Rahman TJ (2004) Geobacillus debilis sp. nov., a novel obligately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a cool soil environment, and reassignment of Bacillus pallidus to Geobacillus pallidus comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:2197–2201
Belduz AO, Canakci S, Chan K-G, Kahar UM, Chan CS, Yaakop AS, Goh KM (2015) Genome sequence of Anoxybacillus ayderensis AB04T isolated from the Ayder hot spring in Turkey. Stand Genomic Sci 10:70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-015-0065-2
Ben Hania W, Postec A, Aullo T, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Erauso G, Brochier-Armanet C, Hamdi M, Ollivier B, Saint-Laurent S, Magot M, Fardeau ML (2013) Mesotoga infera sp nov., a mesophilic member of the order Thermotogales, isolated from an underground gas storage aquifer. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63:3003–3008
Berelson WM, Corsetti FA, Pepe-Ranney C, Hammond DE, Beaumont W, Spear JR (2011) Hot spring siliceous stromatolites from Yellowstone National Park: assessing growth rate and laminae formation. Geobiology 9(5):411–424
Beris FS, De Smet L, Karaoglu H, Canakci S, Van Beeumen J, Belduz AO (2011) The atpase activity of the g2alt gene encoding an aluminium tolerance protein from Anoxybacillus gonensis G2. J Microbiol 49(4):641–650
Bertoldo C, Antranikian G (2002) Starch-hydrolyzing enzymes from thermophilic Archaea and Bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 6(2):151–160
Bhalla A, Kainth AS, Sani RK (2013) Draft genome sequence of lignocellulose-degrading thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. Strain wsucf1. Genome Announc 1:4
Bhat MK (2000) Cellulases and related enzymes in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 18(5):355–383
Bryanskaya AV, Rozanov AS, Logacheva MD, Kotenko AV, Peltek SE (2014) Draft genome sequence of Geobacillus icigianus strain g1w1t isolated from hot springs in the valley of Geysers, Kamchatka (Russian Federation). Genome Announc 2:5
Buchert J, Pere J, Oijusluoma L, Rahkamo L, Viikari L (1997) Cellulases–tools for modification of cellulosic materials. Int J Life Sci 6:284–290
Burke V, Robinson JO, Richardson CJ, Bundell CS (1991) Longitudinal studies of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Pathology 23(2):145–148
Canakci S, Kacagan M, Inan K, Belduz AO, Saha BC (2008) Cloning, purification, and characterization of a thermostable alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase from Anoxybacillus kestanbolensis ac26sari. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81(1):61–68
Chai YY, Rahman RN, Illias RM, Goh KM (2012) Cloning and characterization of two new thermostable and alkalitolerant alpha-amylases from the Anoxybacillus species that produce high levels of maltose. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 39(5):731–741
Chen J, Li Y, Hao HH, Zheng J, Chen JM (2015) Fe(ii)edta-no reduction by a newly isolated thermophilic Anoxybacillus sp. Ha from a rotating drum biofilter for nox removal. J Microbiol Methods 109:129–133
Chu WH (2007) Optimization of extracellular alkaline protease production from species of Bacillus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 34(3):241–245
Cihan AC, Cokmus C, Koc M, Ozcan B (2014) Anoxybacillus calidus sp. Nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from soil near a thermal power plant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(Pt1):211–219
Cohn F (1872) Untersuchungen über bakterien. Beiträge Biol Pflanzen 1:127–224
Cole JK, Peacock JP, Dodsworth JA, Williams AJ, Thompson DB, Dong HL, Wu G, Hedlund BP (2013) Sediment microbial communities in great boiling spring are controlled by temperature and distinct from water communities. ISME J 7(4):718–729
Dabananda SN, Kshetri P (2010) A thermostable alkaline protease from a moderately halo-alkalithermotolerant Bacillus subtilis strain SH1. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 10:5126–5134
Demirjian DC, Moris-Varas F, Cassidy CS (2001) Enzymes from extremophiles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 5(2):144–151
Donk PJ (1920) A highly resistant thermophilic organism. J Bacteriol 5(4):373–374
Eichler J (2001) Biotechnological uses of archaeal extremozymes. Biotechnol Adv 19(4):261–278
Erikstad HA, Ceballos RM, Smestad NB, Birkeland NK (2019) Global biogeographic distribution patterns of thermoacidophilic Verrucomicrobia methanotrophs suggest allopatric evolution. Front Microbiol 10:1129
Finore I, Gioiello A, Leone L, Orlando P, Romano I, Nicolaus B, Poli A (2017) Aeribacillus composti sp nov., a thermophilic Bacillus isolated from olive mill pomace compost. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 67(11):4830–4835
Fischer A (1895) Untersuchungen über bakterien. Jahrbücher Wiss Bot 27:1–163
Fujiwara N, Yamamoto K, Masui A (1991) Utilization of a thermostable alkaline protease from an alkalophilic thermophile for the recovery of silver from used X-ray-film. J Ferment Bioeng 72(4):306–308
Gandhi N, Sawant S, Joshi J (1995) Studies on the lipozymecatalyzed synthesis of butyl laurate. Biotechnol Bioeng 46:1–12
Gerasimova J, Kuisiene N (2012) Characterization of the novel xylanase from the thermophilic Geobacillus thermodenitrificans JK1. Microbiology 81:418–424
Gibbons NE, Murray RGE (1978) Proposals concerning the higher taxa of bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 28:1–6
Goh KM, Kahar UM, Chai YY, Chong CS, Chai KP, Ranjani V et al (2013) Recent discoveries and applications of Anoxybacillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:1475–1488
Graham JE, Clark ME, Nadler DC, Huffer S, Chokhawala HA, Rowland SE, Blanch HW, Clark DS, Robb FT (2011) Identification and characterization of a multidomain hyperthermophilic cellulase from an archaeal enrichment. Nat Commun 2:375
Gupta R, Beg QK, Khan S, Chauhan B (2002) An overview on fermentation, downstream processing and properties of microbial alkaline proteases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60:381–395
Herbert RA, Sharp RJ (1992) Molecular biology and biotechnology of extremophiles. Chapman and Hall, New York
Hou W, Wang S, Dong H, Jiang H, Briggs BR, Peacock JP, Huang Q, Huang L, Wu G, Zhi X, Li W, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Zhang C, Hartnett HE, Dijkstra P, Hungate BA (2013) A comprehensive census of microbial diversity in hot springs of Tengchong, Yunnan province China using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. PLoS One 8(1):e53350
Huber R, Langworthy TA, Konig H, Thomm M, Woese CR, Sleytr UB, Stetter KO (1986) Thermotoga maritima sp-nov represents a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic Eubacteria growing up to 90-degrees-c. Arch Microbiol 144(4):324–333
Inskeep WP, McDermott TR, Thermal Biology Institute (2005) Geothermal biology and geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park. In: Proceeding of the Thermal biology Institute Workshop, 1st edn. Montana State University Publications, Bozeman, MT
Jiang Z, Li P, Jiang DW, Dai XY, Zhang R, Wang YH, Wang YX (2016) Microbial community structure and arsenic biogeochemistry in an acid vapor-formed spring in Tengchong geothermal area, Сhina. PLoS One 11(1):e0146331
Khiyami MA, Serour EA, Shehata MM, Bahklia AH (2012) Thermoaerobic bacteria from geothermal springs in Saudi Arabia. Afr J Biotechnol 11:4053–4062
Kumar CG, Tiwari MP, Jany KD (1999) Novel alkaline serine proteases from alkalophilic Bacillus spp.: purification and some properties. Process Biochem 34(5):441–449
Kumar B, Trivedi P, Mishra AK, Pandey A, Palni LMS (2004a) Microbial diversity of soil from two hot springs in Uttaranchal Himalaya. Microbiol Res 159:141–146
Kumar B, Trivedi P, Mishra AK, Pandey A, Palni LMS (2004b) Microbial diversity of soil from two hot springs in Uttaranchal Himalaya. Microbiol Res 159:141–146
Kumar M, Yadav AN, Tiwari R, Prasanna R, Saxena AK (2014) Deciphering the diversity of culturable thermotolerant bacteria from Manikaran hot springs. Ann Microbiol 64:741–751
Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K (2018) Mega X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35(6):1547–1549
Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H, Valentin F, Wallace IM, Wilm A, Lopez R, Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23(21):2947–2948
Lau MCY, Aitchison JC, Pointing SB (2009) Bacterial community composition in thermophilic microbial mats from five hot springs in Central Tibet. Extremophiles 13(1):139–149
Linko Y, Lamsa M, Huhatala A, Linko P (1994) Lipase catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil snf 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. JAOCS 71:1411–1414
Liu L, Salam N, Jiao JY, Jiang HC, Zhou EM, Yin YR, Ming H, Li WJ (2016) Diversity of culturable thermophilic actinobacteria in hot springs in Tengchong, China and studies of their biosynthetic gene profiles. Microb Ecol 72(1):150–162
Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H, Whitman WB et al (2009) Class I. Bacilli class nov. In: De Vos P, Garrity G, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA (eds) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, vol 3, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 19–20
Margaryan A, Shahinyan G, Hovhannisyan P, Panosyan H, Birkeland N-K, Trchounian A (2018) Geobacillus and Anoxybacillus spp. from terrestrial geothermal springs worldwide: diversity and biotechnological applications. In: Microorganisms for sustainability: Extremophiles in Eurasian ecosystems: Ecology, diversity, and applications. Springer, Singapore, pp 119–166
Mawadza C, Hatti-Kaul R, Zvauya R, Mattiasson B (2000) Purification and characterization of cellulases produced by two Bacillus strains. J Biotechnol 83(3):177–187
Miñana-Galbis D, Pinzón DL, Loren JG, Manresa A, Oliart-Ros RM (2010) Reclassification of Geobacillus pallidus (Scholz et al. 1988) Banat et al. (2004) as Aeribacillus pallidus gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:1600–1604
Mirete S, Morgante V, Gonzalez-Pastor JE (2016) Functional metagenomics of extreme environments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 38:143–149
Mori K, Yamazoe A, Hosoyama A, Ohji S, Fujita N, Ishibashi JI, Kimura H, Suzuki KI (2014) Thermotoga profunda sp. Nov. And Thermotoga caldifontis sp. nov., anaerobic thermophilic bacteria isolated from terrestrial hot springs. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64(6):2128–2136
Nakamura H, Kubota H, Kono T, Isogai A and Onabe F (2001) Modification of pulp properties by cellulase treatment and application of cellulase to wastepaper deinking and mechanical pulp refining. In: 68th pulp and paper research conference, 18–19/06, Japan, pp 2–5
Nazina TN, Tourova TP, Poltaraus AB, Novikova EV, Grigoryan AA, Ivanova AE, Lysenko AM, Petrunyaka VV, Osipov GA, Belyaev SS, Ivanov MV (2001) Taxonomic study of aerobic thermophilic bacilli: Descriptions of Geobacillus subterraneus gen. Nov., sp. Nov. and Geobacillus uzenensis sp. Nov. From petroleum reservoirs and transfer of Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus thermocatenulatus, Bacillus thermoleovorans, Bacillus kaustophilus, Bacillus thermodenitrificans to Geobacillus as the new combinations G. stearothermophilus, g. Th. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:433–446
Nazina TN, Lebedeva EV, Poltaraus AB, Tourova TP, Grigoryan AA, Sokolova DS, Lysenko AM, Osipov GA (2004) Geobacillus gargensis sp nov., a novel thermophile from a hot spring, and the reclassification of Bacillus vulcani as Geobacillus vulcani comb. Nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54:2019–2024
Niehaus F, Bertoldo C, Kahler M, Antranikian G (1999) Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51(6):711–729
Ninghoujam DS, Kshetri P (2010) A thermostable alkaline protease from a moderately halo-alkalithermotolerant Bacillus subtilis strain SH1. Australian J Basic Appl Sci 4:5126–5134
Ningthoujam DS, Kshetri P, Sanasam S, Nimaichand S (2009) Screening, identification of best producers and optimization of extracellular proteases from moderately halophilic alkalithermotolerant indigenous Actinomycetes. World Appl Sci J 7:907–916
Normatov I (2010) Geothermal water resources of the Republic of Tajikistan and a perspective on their use. In: Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, pp 25–29
Pandey A, Benjamin S, Soccol CR, Nigam P, Krieger N, Soccol VT (1999) The realm of microbial lipases in biotechnology. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 29(2):119–131
Pandey S, Singh S, Yadav AN, Nain L, Saxena AK (2013) Phylogenetic diversity and characterization of novel and efficient cellulase producing bacterial isolates from various extreme environments. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 77:1474–1480
Pandey A, Dhakar K, Sharma A, Priti P, Sati P, Kumar B (2015) Thermophilic bacteria that tolerate a wide temperature and pH range colonize the Soldhar (95 a degrees C) and ringigad (80 a degrees C) hot springs of Uttarakhand, India. Ann Microbiol 65(2):809–816
Parte AC (2018) LPSN - list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature (bacterio.Net), 20 years on. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68(6):1825–1829
Podar M, Reysenbach AL (2006) New opportunities revealed by biotechnological explorations of extremophiles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17(3):250–255
Postollec F, Mathot AG, Bernard M, Divanac’h ML, Pavan S, Sohier D (2012) Tracking spore-forming bacteria in food: from natural biodiversity to selection by processes. Int J Food Microbiol 158(1):1–8
Prévot AR, Hauderoy P, Ehringer G, Guillot G, Magrou J, Prévot AR, Rosset D et al (1953) Dictionnaire des bactéries pathogènes, 2nd edn. Masson et Cie, Paris, pp 1–692
Priya I, Dhar M, Bajaj B, Koul S, Vakhlu J (2016) Cellulolytic activity of thermophilic Bacilli isolated from Tattapani hot spring sediment in North West Himalayas. Indian J Microbiol 56:228–231
Rai SK, Roy JK, Mukherjee AK (2010) Characterization of a detergentstable alkaline protease from a novel thermophilic strain Paenibacillus tezpurensis sp. Nov. AS-S24-II. Appl Micrbiol Biotechnol 85:1437–1450
Razykov BH (2007) Features of placement and economic assessment of mineral waters of Tajikistan. Dushanbe 99:15–18
Rogers EE, Backus EA (2014) Anterior foregut microbiota of the glassy-winged sharpshooter explored using deep 16S rRNA gene sequencing from individual insects. PLoS ONE 9:e106215
Rollof J, Hedstrom SA, Nilsson-Ehle P (1987) Lipolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus strains from disseminated and localized infections. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B 95(2):109–113
Salmond GPC, Whittenbury R (1985) Biology of microorganisms. Nature 314(6006):49–49
Schallmey M, Singh A, Ward OP (2004) Developments in the use of Bacillus species for industrial production. Can J Microbiol 50(1):1–17
Sen R, Maiti N (2014) Genomic and functional diversity of bacteria isolated from hot springs in Odisha, India. Geomicrobiol J 31:541–550
Sharma R, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC (2001) Production, purification, characterization, and applications of lipases. Biotechnol Adv 19(8):627–662
Sharma A, Pandey A, Shouche YS, Kumar B, Kulkarni G (2009) Characterization and identification of Geobacillus spp. isolated from Soldhar hot spring site of Garhwal Himalaya. J Basic Microb 49(2):187–194
Sharma R, Thakur V, Sharma M, Birkeland N-K (2013) Biocatalysis through thermostable lipases: adding flavor to chemistry. Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5899-5
Sharma P, Gupta S, Sourirajan A, Baumler DJ, Dev K (2019) Draft genome sequence of hyperthermophilic, halotolerant Parageobacillus toebii PW12, isolated from the Tattapani hot spring, Northwest Himalayas. Microbiol Resour Announc 8:4
Shimada Y, Watanabe Y, Samukawa T, Sugihara A, Noda H, Fukuda H, Tominaga Y (1999) Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76(7):789–793
Shirkot P, Verma A (2015) Assessment of thermophilic bacterial diversity of thermal springs of Himachal Pradesh. ENVIS Bull Himal Ecol 23:27–34
Singh NR, Bahuguna A, Chauhan P, Sharma VK, Kaur S, Singh SK, Khan A (2016) Production, purification and characterization of thermostable α-amylase from soil isolate Bacillus sp. strain B-10. Biosci Biotechnol 5(1):37–43
Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA (1980) Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 30:225–420
Song ZQ, Wang FP, Zhi XY, Chen JQ, Zhou EM, Liang F, Xiao X, Tang SK, Jiang HC, Zhang CL, Dong H, Li WJ (2013) Bacterial and archaeal diversities in Yunnan and Tibetan hot springs, China. Environ Microbiol 15(4):1160–1175
Stefanova K, Tomova I, Tomova A, Radchenkova N, Atanassov I, Kambourova M (2016) Archaeal and bacterial diversity in two hot springs from geothermal regions in Bulgaria as demonstrated by 16S rRNA and GH-57 genes. Int Microbiol 18:217–223
Stetter KO (1999) Extremophiles and their adaptation to hot environments. FEBS Lett 452(1-2):22–25
Studholme DJ (2015) Some (Bacilli) like it hot: Genomics of Geobacillus species. Microb Biotechnol 8(1):40–48
Suman A, Verma P, Yadav AN, Saxena AK (2015) Bioprospecting for extracellular hydrolytic enzymes from culturable thermotolerant bacteria isolated from Manikaran thermal springs. Res J Biotechnol 10:33–42
Suzuki Y, Kishigami T, Inoue K, Mizoguchi Y, Eto N, Takagi M, Abe S (1983) Bacillus thermoglucosidasius sp-nov, a new species of obligately thermophilic Bacilli. Syst Appl Microbiol 4(4):487–495
Svendsen A (2000) Lipase protein engineering. BBA-Protein Struct 1543(2):223–238
Tambekar DH, Kalikar MV, Shinde RS, Vanjari LB, Pawar RG (2009) Isolation and characterization of multilple enzyme producer Bacillus species from saline belt of Purna river. J Appl Sci Res 5:1064–1066
Tang J, Liang YM, Jiang D, Li LH, Luo YF, Shah MR, Daroch M (2018) Temperature-controlled thermophilic bacterial communities in hot springs of Western Sichuan, China. BMC Microbiol 18:134
Traore MK, Buschle-Diller G (2000) Environmentally friendly scouring processes. Text Chem Color Am 32(12):40–43
Turner P, Labes A, Fridjónsson ÓH, Hreggvidson GO, Schönheit P, Kristjánsson JK et al (2005) Two novel cyclodextrin-degrading enzymes isolated from thermophilic bacteria have similar domain structures but differ in oligomeric state and activity profile. J Biosci Bioeng 100:380–390
Validation List no. 132 (2010) List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:469–472
Van WJ, Mogale A, Seseng T (2001) Bioconversion of wastepaper to sugars by cellulase from Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and Penicillium funiculosum. J Solid Waste Technol Manage 27:82–86
Vieille C, Zeikus GJ (2001) Hyperthermophilic enzymes: sources, uses, and molecular mechanisms for thermostability. Microbiol Mol Biol R 65(1):1
Wang J, Bai Y, Yang P, Shi P, Luo H, Meng K et al (2010) A new xylanase from thermoalkaline Anoxybacillus sp. E2 with high activity and stability over a broad pH range. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26:917–924
Wang S, Hou W, Dong H, Jiang H, Huang L (2014) Control of temperature on microbial community structure in hot springs of the Tibetan Plateau (vol 8, e62901, 2013). PLoS One 9(6):e62901
Whitaker RJ, Grogan DW, Taylor JW (2003) Geographic barriers isolate endemic populations of hyperthermophilic archaea. Science 301(5635):976–978
Wiegand S, Rabausch U, Chow J, Daniel R, Streit WR, Liesegang H (2013) Complete genome sequence of Geobacillus sp. Strain ghh01, a thermophilic lipase-secreting bacterium. Genome Announc 1(2):e0009213
Wilson P, Remigio Z (2012) Production and characterisation of protease enzyme produced by a novel moderate thermophilic bacterium (ep1001) isolated from an alkaline hot spring, Zimbabwe. Afr J Microbiol Res 6(27):5542–5551
Wu XY, Jaaskelainen S, Linko YY (1996) An investigation of crude lipases for hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification. Enzym Microb Technol 19(3):226–231
Xian W-D, Rao MPN, Zhou E-M, Liu L, Xiao M, Li W-J (2018) Diversity of thermophiles in terrestrial hot springs of Yunnan and Tibet, China worldwide: diversity and biotechnological applications. In: Microorganisms for sustainability: extremophiles in Eurasian ecosystems: Ecology, diversity, and applications. Springer, Singapore, pp 57–79
Yadav AN (2015) Bacterial diversity of cold deserts and mining of genes for low temperature tolerance. PhD thesis, BIT Mesra/IARI, New Delhi, pp 234
Yadav AN, Sachan SG, Verma P, Saxena AK (2015) Prospecting cold deserts of North Western Himalayas for microbial diversity and plant growth promoting attributes. J Biosci Bioeng 119:683–693
Yao N, Ren Y, Wang W (2013) Genome sequence of a thermophilic Bacillus, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans dsm465. Genome Announc 1:6
Zaigham NA, Nayyar ZA, Hisamuddin N (2009) Review of geothermal energy resources in Pakistan. Renew Sust Energ Rev 13(1):223–232
Zarilla KA, Perry JJ (1987) Bacillus thermoleovorans, sp-nov, a species of obligately thermophilic hydrocarbon utilizing endospore-forming bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 9(3):258–264
Zhou L, Yeung K, Yuen C (2001) Combined cellulase and wrinkle free treatment on cotton fabric. J Dong Hua Univ 18:11–15
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dzhuraeva, M.M., Margaryan, A.A., Ratnadevi, C.M., Panosyan, H.H., Birkeland, NK., Bobodzhanova, K.I. (2021). Microbial Diversity of High-Altitude Geothermal Springs in Tajikistan. In: Egamberdieva, D., Birkeland, NK., Li, WJ., Panosyan, H. (eds) Microbial Communities and their Interactions in the Extreme Environment. Microorganisms for Sustainability, vol 32. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3731-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3731-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-3730-8
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-3731-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)