Introduction

Abiotic stresses, such as high and low temperatures, drought, and salinization, have severe adverse effects on plant growth and development [1, 2]. At the transcription level, transcription factors (TFs) can specifically bind to cis-acting elements in the promoter region, thereby regulating the expression of plant stress response genes. Therefore, the key role of transcription factors in plants under environmental stress has attracted increasing research attention [3, 4].

The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor) superfamily, which is one of the largest groups of TFs families, is involved in the regulation of plant developmental processes and biotic and abiotic stress responses [5, 6]. The genes of the superfamily are characterized by encoding at least one APETALA2 (AP2) domain and can be further separated into ERF, AP2, DREB, RAV and Soloist families. The ERF family contains a single AP2 domain, while the AP2 gene family contains one or two AP2 domains [7, 8]. The RAV (Related to ABI3 and VP1) family encodes proteins encoding a single AP2 domain plus an additional B3 domain [9]. There is another subfamily with a single AP2 domain called soloist [8].

DREB transcription factors are a subgroup of the AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor) gene family, which contain a single conserved AP2 domain that specifically interacts with the dehydration responsive element (DRE) (core motif A/GCCGAC) [10,11,12]. DREB transcription factors bind to the DRE and the C-repeat responsive (CRT) cis-element in the promoter region of stress resistance genes to regulate the expression of a series of downstream genes and enhance the resistance of plants to different abiotic stresses [13]. Recently, a number of DREB homologous genes have been identified from different plants, such as Arabidopsis [13, 14], rice [15], wheat [16], and soybean [17].

Based on the sequence identities of the DNA-binding domains, DREB proteins can be divided into six subgroups (A1-A6) [18]. DREB members in different subgroups play different roles in plants. In subgroup A2, DREB2A and DREB2B, as the main functional genes in DREB2s, have been reported to play an important role in resistance to dehydration, high salt, and heat shock [19]. In Arabidopsis, DREB2A and DREB2B were identified and actively responded to dehydration and high salinity stress [20]. In mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), VrDREB2A was induced by drought and salt stresses, and heterologous expression of VrDREB2A enhanced the tolerance to drought and high salt stress without growth retardation in Arabidopsis [21]. In mustard (Brassica juncea L), BjDREB2 playing a pivotal role in ABA-independent gene expression under drought stress [22].

Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis), a variant of non-heading Chinese cabbage, is a semi-hardy vegetable widely grown in the Yangtze-Huai River basin [23, 24]. Recently, abiotic stresses such as high temperature, freezing, and drought have greatly affected the yield and quality of wucai. Therefore, improvement of resistance to abiotic stress in wucai is desirable. There are few studies on the molecular mechanism of stress resistance, the expression regulation of genes related to stress resistance, and the stress signal transduction mechanisms. In this study, the genome-wide identification and mining of DREB transcription factor family genes in Chinese cabbage were systematically performed. We also determined the gene structure, evolution relationships, cis-acting element evolution relationship, and chromosome distribution of the Chinese cabbage DREB gene family in detail. In addition, we cloned and characterized the BrDREB2B gene in wucai. Furthermore, the overexpression of BrDREB2B enhanced the drought, high-salt, and heat tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our study provides a theoretical foundation to understand the role of BrDREBs in resistance to abiotic stress and a basis for further study of the biological functions of DREB genes.

Materials and methods

Genome-wide identification of BrDREB genes in chinese cabbage

The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile of the AP2 domain (PF00847) was downloaded from the protein family database (http://pfam.xfam.org/) with an E-value < 0.001, and was used to search the Chinese cabbage genome database (http://brassicadb.org/brad/) [25,26,27,28]. There is only one AP2 domain in the DREB subfamily member protein, and the 14th and 19th positions are valine and glutamic acid, respectively. The NCBI-CDD database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi) and SMART website (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/) were used for domain prediction and identified members of the DREB family of Chinese cabbage. The physical and chemical properties of the DREB family gene were analysed using the Expasy website (https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/) [29], and the subcellular locations of DREB family members were predicted using the WoLF PSORT website (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp) [30].

Conserved motifs and cluster analysis of the BrDREB gene family

We predicted the conserved motifs of the BrDREB protein using the MEME website (http://meme-suite.org/tools/meme). The identified Chinese cabbage DREB amino acid sequence and the reported Arabidopsis DREB amino acid sequence were aligned using MEGA7.0 software [31], and unrooted phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. We used the bootstrap method in the phylogeny test, and the number of bootstrap replications was set to 1000.

Analysis of cis-acting elements of the BrDREB gene family

The sequence upstream (2000 bp) of the transcriptional start site was used to identify cis-elements in the promoter sequences of the DREB family genes in B. rapa. The cis-acting elements were predicted and analyzed using the PlantCARE website (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/htmL/) [32] and were visualized with TBtools software [33].

Chromosome distribution and collinearity analysis

The chromosome distribution of the BrDREB genes were extracted from the B. rapa genome annotation gff3 file for collinearity analysis by TBtools software. Analyses of interspecies synteny between BrDREBs and AtDREBs were investigated using MCScan X [34].

Plant materials and stress treatments

Wucai (Brassica campestris L.) cultivar WS-1, a high-generation inbred line, was selected from Anhui Agricultural University. Seedlings were germinated and cultured in a growth chamber at 24 ± 1 °C (day) and 16 ± 1 °C (night), with a relative humidity of 75–80% and a light intensity of 300 µmol·m− 2·s− 1 under a 14-h/10-h (light/dark) photoperiod. After 20 days, unfolded functional leaves were collected for RNA extraction by total RNA kit (Takara Biomedical Technology Co., Beijing, China). Primer software v6.0 (Premier Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to design specific gene primers (Table S3). The gene encoding actin was used as the control. RT-qPCR was performed using SYBR GREEN Master Mix (Vazyme Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). Relative gene expression levels were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [35].

Arabidopsis (Columbia-0) plants were placed in a growth chamber at 25 °C (light for 18 h) and 15 °C (dark for 6 h), with a light intensity of 300 µmol·m− 2·s− 1. After 30 days, leaves of wild type and transgenic Arabidopsis were collected for analysis at the gene expression level. Transgenic T3 generation and wild type seedings were treated with 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium containing 150 mM NaCl [36] and 250 mmol·L− 1 mannito [37], respectively. Seedings in 1/2 MS liquid medium were subjected to 40 °C to mimic heat stress [38]. Seedlings under normal conditions were used as the control.

Generation of BrDREB2B‑overexpressing Arabidopsis

BrDREB2B cDNA was cloned into the pMD19-T simple vector. BrDREB2B was inserted into plasmid pCambia1305-35 S-nFLAG-cMYC, and transgenic Arabidopsis plants were cultivated by the inflorescence infection method. The regenerated plants were placed in a medium containing 50% hygromycin B and grown in an incubator. Four weeks later, the copy number of BrDREB2B of each transgenic line was detected by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and three overexpression positive transgenic lines were identified (OE#1, OE#7, and OE#8).

Physiological index measurement of transgenic plants

The transgenic T3 generation seeds and wild-type seeds were planted on ½ MS medium at 40 °C, ½ MS medium with 150 mmol·L− 1 NaCl, and ½ MS medium with 250 mmol·L− 1 mannitol. Normal ½ MS medium was used as the control group, and the germination rate was observed after one week. The 5-day-old transgenic and wild-type seedlings were carefully transferred to ½ MS medium containing 150 mmol·L− 1 NaCl. Normal ½ MS medium was used as the control group. After 2 weeks, 20 transgenic and wild-type plants were randomly selected for root length measurement. The 3-week-old transgenic and wild-type plants were placed in an artificial climate incubator at 40 °C/30°C (day for 18 h/night for 6 h) for 3 d, compared with 25 °C/15°C (day for 18 h/night for 6 h) as a control. The growth of transgenic and wild-type plants was observed. Transgenic and wild-type plants were deprived of water for 14 d and then re-watered for 3 d. We observed the growth of the plants and determined the survival rate.

Relative electrical conductivity (REC) was measured according to the method described by Baziramakenga et al. with some modifications [39]. The H2O2 and O2− content, as well as the total antioxidant capacity, were measured using the Solarbio reagent kit (Cat #BC3595, 1290 and 1315, Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China).

Results

Identification and characterization of the BrDREBs

A total of 65 BrDREB genes were identified from the Brassica rapa genome (Table S1), which are unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes. The ORFs of the BrDREB genes ranged from 471 to 1158 bp in length, encoding polypeptides 156 aa to 385 aa in length. The predicted molecular mass was between 17.46 and 43.05 kDa, and the isoelectric point also varied widely from 4.48 to 9.73, suggesting that different DREB proteins might operate in different microenvironments. Predictions from the WoLF PSORT website showed that seven genes were subcellularly located on the chloroplast, and the other 58 genes were all located on the nucleus.

Gene structure and conserved motif analysis of the BrDREB gene family

To further study the structural characteristics of the BrDREB gene family, we analyzed the gene structure and conserved motifs according to the full-length phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 1). Through cluster analysis, it was found that the closer the genetic relationship of genes, the more similar the number and position of motif distribution, suggesting functional similarity within subgroups. A total of ten conserved motifs were found in the DREB family of Brassica rapa. Motif 1 was found in all BrDREB proteins, while Motif 9 was found only in BrDREB2G, BrDREB2A3, and BrDREB2F2. In addition, structure analysis revealed that all BrDREB genes had no introns and only contained one exon, from which it can be inferred that the gene structure is highly conserved.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Phylogenetic tree, motif analysis, and exon-intron structure of BrDREBs. a Phylogenetic analysis of BrDREB proteins in Brassica rapa. b Conserved motif analysis of BrDREB proteins based on MEME tools. Conserved motifs are shown in different colored boxes. c Gene structure analysis of BrDREBs. Exons are indicated in green boxes

Full size image

In order to understand the pedigree and functional characteristics of the BrDREB gene family, a multiple sequence alignment of the DREB family genes in Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis was carried out. Thus, a phylogenetic tree was constructed (Fig. 2), and BrDREB family genes were divided into 6 subgroups through cluster analysis (Groups 1–6). The BrDREB gene was unevenly distributed among 5 subgroups. Among them, Group 4 had the most BrDREB genes, Group 3 had only two BrDREB genes, and Group 6 had no BrDREB genes. Through cluster analysis, it was found that the DREB genes of Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis have high homology. It was speculated that the orthologous genes may have the same function.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Phylogenetic tree of DREB domains from Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis. The neighbor-joining tree was constructed with DREB domains from Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis using MEGA7.0 with a bootstrap of 1000

Full size image

Analysis of cis-acting elements of the BrDREB gene family

To further investigate the function of BrDREB genes, we predicted the cis-acting element of the putative promoter region of BrDREB genes using the PlantCARE database. The cis-acting element analysis was carried out on the promoters of the DREB gene family in Brassica rapa (Fig. 3). As shown in Fig. 3, we identified nine cis-acting elements according to their functional annotations, of which five elements were related to hormone response and three elements were related to adversity stress. Some diverse distribution patterns of cis-acting elements were observed in the promoter region of BrDREB genes, indicating that BrDREB was particular to various different biological processes. It was notable that all BrDREB genes contained the cis-acting related to hormone regulation, such as gibberellin, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid, auxin, and salicylic acid responsiveness elements. These results suggested that the expression of DREB genes in Brassica rapa is regulated by cis-elements associated with hormone signal transduction and abiotic stress tolerance.

Fig. 3
figure 3

The cis-acting element analysis of the putative promoter of 65 BrDREB genes. The distribution of cis-elements in the 2000-bp upstream promoter regions of BrDREBs related to abiotic stress responses is depicted. Different cis-elements are represented by different colors

Full size image

Chromosome distribution and collinearity analysis of the BrDREB gene family

We analyzed the distribution of the DREB family genes on chromosomes, and the results showed that BrDREB the gene family members were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes (Fig. 4). Among them, chromosome A03 was the most populated, with 12 genes, while the A06 chromosome was the least populated, with only 2 genes. In addition, some DREB genes had tandem duplications, resulting in the presence of homologous genes in BrDREB, which enlarged the DREB genome of Brassica rapa.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Physical locations of BrDREB genes in Brassica rapa. Chromosome distributions of BrDREBs are indicated based on the physical position of each gene. A total of 65 BrDREB genes were mapped onto the 10 chromosomes of Brassica rapa; the number of chromosomes is labelled on the left side of each chromosome

Full size image

Collinearity analysis of DREB genes between Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis found that a large number of members in the DREB gene family had a collinear relationship: 39 Arabidopsis DREB genes and 65 DREB genes (Fig. 5). There were 152 gene pairs, indicating high homology between AtDREBs and BrDREBs (Tab. S2). The ratio of nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka) to synonymous substitution rate (Ks) of all the 152 gene pairs were below 1. These genes underwent strong purification and selection in evolution and have relatively consistent functions and effects.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Collinearity analysis of DREB genes in Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Chromosomes of Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis thaliana are represented by orange and green bars, respectively; the chromosome label is next to the corresponding chromosome. The red curve indicates DREB genes with collinearity

Full size image

Genetic transformation of Arabidopsis

To further study the function of DREB genes, we analyzed the expression level of DREB genes under heat and cold stress (Fig. 6a). We found that the expression level of the BrDREB2B gene increased under heat stress, so we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing BrDREB2B under the control of the CaMV35S promoter (Fig. 6b). Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that the transcript level of BrDREB2B was highly induced in selected transgenic plants, confirming that the plants were successfully transformed with pCambia1305-35 S-BrDREB2B-nFLAG-cMYC (Fig. 6c).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Relative expression levels of BrDREBs and genetic transformation of Arabidopsis. a Responses of BrDREB2B to adverse environmental stresses. Expression profiles under heat and cold stress were analysed. The coloured scale varies from blue to red, which indicates the low or high expression of each gene. b Schematic diagram of the pCambia1305-35 S-BrDREB2B-nFLAG-cMYC fusion protein construct. c Relative expression of BrDREB2B in T3 transgenic plants. WT: Col-0; OE#1, OE#7, OE#8. T3 plants with BrDREB2B on the AtCol-0 background

Full size image

Effects of different stresses on the germination of transgenic plants

The seeds of the T3 BrDREB2B overexpression lines (OE#1, OE#7 and OE#8) and wild-type were subjected to high temperature (40 °C), salt (NaCl, 150 mM), and drought (mannitol, 250 mM) stress treatments. The germination status was observed (Fig. 7a). In the germination stage, seed germination of the wild-type and transgenic plants did not differ under normal conditions (Fig. 7). However, in the 150 mM mannitol treatment, the seed of transgenic lines displayed a significantly higher germination rate than that of the wild type. In the 150 mM NaCl and 40 °C heat stress treatments, seed germination of the wild type was seriously inhibited. In the presence of 150 mM NaCl, 50% of the wild-type seeds germinated, whereas the germination rates of the OE#1, OE#7 and OE#8 transgenic lines were 90, 70, and 60%. At 40 °C, we found 30% of the wild-type seeds germinated, whereas the germination rates of the OE#1, OE#7, and OE#8 transgenic lines were 90, 80, and 40%, respectively.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Overexpression of BrDREB2B increased the heat, osmotic and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. a Phenotypes of the germination of wild-type (WT) and BrDREB2B transgenic lines (OE#1, OE#7, and OE#8). b Germination rate of wild-type (WT) and BrDREB2B transgenic lines (OE#1, OE#7, and OE#8). Data were quantified using three biological replicates of each cultivar. Each data point represents the mean (± SD) of three separate experiments (p < 0.05)

Full size image

Effects of salt stress on the root growth of transgenic plants

Transgenic and WT Arabidopsis seeds were grown on 1/2 MS medium for 5 days and then transferred to 1/2 MS medium containing 150 mM NaCl. Under the normal condition, the root length of transgenic seedlings was not significantly different from that of the wild type (Fig. 8). However, under 150 mM NaCl treatment for 14 d, the average root length of transgenic lines was 4.6 cm, which was 2.42 times that of the wild type plants. The results showed the enhanced salt tolerance of the BrDREB2B transgenic lines.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Total root lengths of transgenic Arabidopsis lines under mock drought stress. a Phenotypes of the root growth of wild-type (WT) and BrDREB2B transgenic lines (OE#1) under ½ MS medium with 0 mM or 150 mM NaCl for 14 d. b Primary root elongation of the WT and BrDREB2B transgenic line (OE#1) seedlings in the presence of 0 mM or 150 mM NaCl for 14 d. All experiments included three replicates. Error bars represent the mean ± standard deviation of 30 seeds

Full size image

Effects of different stresses on the growth of transgenic plants

As shown in Fig. 9a, under heat stress, transgenic lines overexpressing BrDREB2B grew well with green leaves, while the leaves of the wild type grew weakly. Under drought stress for 7 d, some leaves of the wild-type plants were dry and curled, while leaves of the transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing BrDREB2B were still green (Fig. 9b). Two weeks after watering was stopped, the wild-type plants showed a state of dryness and wilting, and a large number of them even died, whereas the OE#1 transgenic plants showed mild wilting, and the other two lines showed a state of leaf curling and a lack of water. After 3 days of recovery, most of the transgenic plants returned to normal growth, while the wild-type plants were weak and wilted with curled leaves. The survival rate of the OE#1 transgenic plants exceeded 90% after 3 days of rewatering, while the survival rate of wild-type plants was less than 10%, which was significantly lower than that of transgenic plants. Over-expression of BrDREB2B significantly enhanced the survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis under heat and drought stresses.

Fig. 9
figure 9

Phenotypes of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing BrDREB2B under heat (a) and drought (b) stresses. Each experiment was repeated three times with 16 plants

Full size image

The effects of different stresses on the physiological indices of transgenic plants

In addition, the physiological characteristics including the accumulation of H2O2 and O2·−, REC, and total antioxidant capacity also reflected the stress tolerance. We detected these indices in the wild type and three lines of transgenic Arabidopsis over-expressing BrDREB2B (OE#1, OE#7, and OE#8). Under normal conditions, the leaves of WT and transgenic Arabidopsis showed no difference. Compared with the wild-type, the REC, H2O2 content and O2·− production rate of the transgenic plants under heat and salt stresses decreased, while the total antioxidant capacity increased (Fig. 10). This indicated that compared with wild-type plants, transgenic plants had greater reactive oxygen species scavenging ability, thereby maintaining cell homeostasis. These results further indicated that overexpression of BrDREB2B improved the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to salt and heat stresses.

Fig. 10
figure 10

Physiological analyses of Arabidopsis under heat and salt stresses. The relative electrolyte leakage, O2·− production rate, H2O2 content, and total antioxidant capacity in WT, OE#1, OE#7 and OE#8 plants under normal conditions (CK) and heat and salt stresses were analyzed using leaves collected after treatment. Each experiment was repeated three times, and different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P < 0.05

Full size image

Discussion

According to the number of AP2 domains and the existence of other DNA binding domains, AP2/ERF superfamily can be divided into AP2, ERF, DREB, RAV and Soloist subfamilies [40]. Although the sequence of AP2/ERF domain is highly conserved, each subfamily shows different DNA binding characteristics [40]. Generally, the ERF subfamily binds to an AGCCGCC sequence [41]. AP2 subfamily binds to the GCAC(A/G)N(A/T) TCCC(A/G)ANG(C/T) element [42, 43] and is regulated by microRNA (mir172) [44, 45]. The RAV family binds to the CAACA and CACCTG sequences [46]. DREB subfamily usually interacts with CCGA/CC core sequence [47].

AP2/ERF TFs have been successfully identified in many plants, such as Arabidopsis, rice [8, 48], grape [7], poplar (Populus tomentosa) [49], corn [50], wheat (Triticum wheat) [51], soybean (Glycine max) [52] and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) [36]. AP2/ERF TFs can regulate various biological processes in plant function and development [53, 54], such as drought (SHN1, SHN2 and SHN3), salt (AP37, CaRAV1), freezing (TaERF1) [55,56,57], cell dedifferentiation (WIND1) [58], ABA induced crown root sprouting (CRL5) [59], plant height (NSAP2) and leaf shape [60,61,62].

As an important branch of AP2/ERF, DREB subfamily is used as a feasible candidate gene to improve abiotic stress tolerance of crops [40]. The DREB-type transcription factors have recently been recognized in various plants, for example, Arabidopsis [63], rice [8], tomato [64], tobacco [65], barley [66], sorghum [67], and maize [68]. The DREB genes also play a key role in plant responses to multiple abiotic stresses, including osmotic (CkDREB) [69], drought (OsDREB1) [70, 71], cold (AtCBF1) [72], heat (ZmDREB2A, AtDREB1A) [73, 74], and high-salt stress (CaDREBLP1) [75]. However, the DREB genes have not been systematically studied in Chinese cabbage.

In this study, a total of 65 DREB family members were identified in Chinese cabbage (Table S1). Combined with the previous identification of 56 DREB genes in Arabidopsis, 56 in rice, and 38 in grape, the BrDREB family members are more abundant. It could be due to the triploidization of the whole genome of cabbage. The duplication of chromosome fragments or the entire genome is the main source of evolution, including the generation of new gene functions and expression patterns [76]. In this study, some DREB genes had tandem duplications, resulting in the presence of homologous genes in BrDREB, which enlarged the DREB genome of Brassica rapa (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the genome size of each species also has an impact on the number of DREB family members. A large number of members in the DREB gene family had a collinear relationship between AtDREBs and BrDREBs (Fig. 5, Tab. S2). And the ratio of Ka to Ks of all the 152 gene pairs were below 1. These genes had high homology and underwent strong purification and selection in evolution and have relatively consistent functions and effects.

To investigate the evolutionary relatedness of the identified sequences together with DREB genes encoded by the other fully sequenced B. rapa and Arabidopsis, we performed phylogenetic reconstruction using the conserved DREB transcription factor domain. Based on phylogenetic tree analysis from (A) thaliana and (B) rapa, BrDREBs are classified into 6 subgroups, which is coherent with prior statements [18, 77]. However, the BrDREB gene was not present in group 6, so it can be assumed that a loss event occurred in the genetic evolution of B. rapa. The gene structure analysis revealed that BrDREBs contain no introns and only one exon, which is consistent with previous results for Arabidopsis [18]. To characterize the distribution of genes, we found that these genes are unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes, and some genes exhibit tandem duplication. Some gene duplication events of CBF/DREB family TFs in B. oleracea were found [40]. This indicates that BrDREB could be generated through chromosome duplication and gene duplication events.

Furthermore, we analyzed the cis-acting elements on the promoters of the BrDREB gene. These elements are mainly related to hormone regulation (such as response to abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and auxin) and abiotic stress (such as response to drought and low-temperature stress). The cis-acting elements analysis predicts that the function of the BrDREBs could play a role in hormonal response and abiotic stress responses, which is similar to the results of the study of MnDREBs in mulberry [78]. Mizoi et al. found DREB transcription factors can regulate the expression of stress resistance genes through ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways [79]. In tomato, the ectopic expression of SlDREB3 can increase the growth of plant roots and improve the photosynthetic rate by reducing the level of ABA [80]. Taken together, the BrDREBs may be involved in the regulation of hormone metabolism pathways to improve plant resistance to environmental stresses such as drought, low temperature, and salinization.

In order to further explore the role of BrDREB2B in abiotic stress, we constructed a pCambia1305-35 S-BrDREB2B-nFLAG-cMYC overexpression vector and obtained transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The results indicate that transgenic plants overexpressing BrDREB2B showed better growth status and higher survival rates after drought, high-salt and high-temperature stresses than wild-type plants. Similarly, overexpression of OsDREB2A [81], TaDREB3 [12], and GmDREB2A [82] in Arabidopsis enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress. SsDREB2D and SsDREB2F play a key role in sugarcane dehydration reaction, which helps sugarcane plants recover from drought stress and low temperature stress [83]. OsDREB2A and OsDREB2B were reported to involve in the embryo and endosperm development in rice [84]. Therefore, BrDREB2B may play a key role in response and resistance to abiotic stress in wucai and can be used as a candidate gene for molecular breeding to increase the yield of wucai.

The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is closely related to the environmental stress of plants, leading to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation of plant cell membranes [85]. In this study, the relative electrolytic leakage content, H2O2 content, and superoxide anion production rate of the three overexpression transgenic lines after different stress treatments decreased. At the same time, the total antioxidant capacity increased compared with the wild-type. These results verify that BrDREB2B improves its tolerance to abiotic stress by maintaining the homeostasis of intracellular reactive oxygen species, which is consistent with a report for soybean [86]. In carrot, DcDREB1A overexpression in transgenic plants resulted in increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities under drought stress [87].

Conclusion

In this study, 65 BrDREBs were identified in Brassica rapa and the gene structure, protein conserved domains, evolutionary relationship, and cis-acting elements were analyzed. There is high homology in the DREB gene of Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis. In addition, many abiotic stress response cis-elements were found in the promoter regions of BrDREB genes. Finally, the heterologous expression of BrDREB2B improved the salt, heat, and drought stress tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. This work has provided a solid foundation for the investigation of the function and the mechanism of response to abiotic stress of the DREB TF family in wucai.