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The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis Strategies, and Applications

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Abstract

The fascinating electrochemical properties of the redox-active compound ferrocene have inspired researchers across the globe to develop ferrocene-based electrocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. Advantages including excellent chemical and thermal stability, solubility in organic solvents, a pair of stable redox states, rapid electron transfer, and nontoxic nature improve its utility in various electrochemical applications. The use of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts enables control over the intrinsic properties and electroactive sites at the surface of the electrode to achieve specific electrochemical activities. Ferrocene and its derivatives can function as a potential redox medium that promotes electron transfer rates, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics and electrochemical responses of the device. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity of ferrocene-based compounds at lower operating potentials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of reactions and also amplifies the response signals. Owing to their versatile redox chemistry and catalytic activities, ferrocene-based electrocatalysts are widely employed in various energy-related systems, molecular machines, and agricultural, biological, medicinal, and sensing applications. This review highlights the importance of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts, with emphasis on their properties, synthesis strategies for obtaining different ferrocene-based compounds, and their electrochemical applications.

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Fig. 1
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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society b The substitution effect on the HOMO and LUMO energy levels and the HOMO–LUMO gaps of (I) the staggered ferrocene and (II) the eclipsed ferrocene. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2007, John Wiley & Sons

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [113]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [114]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [115]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [115]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2022, The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [133]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [133]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [139]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley & Sons

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [140]. Copyright 2011, John Wiley & Sons

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [172]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [178]. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [215]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116]. Copyright 2022, The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [243]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

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Reproduced with permission from Ref. [151]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier

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Data availability

The data utilized in this review article primarily originate from the referenced literature. All sources cited in this study provide the necessary information to access the respective datasets and can be obtained through the corresponding references. It is important to note that the availability of data may vary depending on the original authors’ guidelines and restrictions. Researchers interested in accessing the data used in this review are encouraged to refer to the provided references for further details. 

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We thank the CHRIST (Deemed to be University) management for supporting our research throughout.

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Sariga, Varghese, A. The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis Strategies, and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Z) 381, 32 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-023-00441-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-023-00441-w

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