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Arachidonic Acid Synthesis in Mortierella alpina: Origin, Evolution and Advancements

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Abstract

Mortierella alpina is a saprophytic, oleaginous soil fungus distributed worldwide. It is used extensively to produce omega fatty acids under different fermentation conditions. This psychrophilic filamentous fungus is currently considered as the most promising oleaginous microorganism for industrial production of arachidonic acid. The efficiency to synthesize arachidonic acid owes to its unique genetic organization encoding various fatty acid synthase enzymes. The enzymes involved in arachidonic acid synthesis has been characterized well both at the molecular and biochemical level. The characterization was accomplished by molecular techniques like gene cloning, generation of heterologous/homologous transformants and expression analysis. Currently the industrial production of arachidonic acid is accomplished by submerged fermentation and the solid substrate bioprocess approach is still in its infancy. Further advances in this fungal research have brought out various prominent arachidonic acid producing strains as IS-4 and ATCC 32222. With genome projects in two strains already being accomplished and the lipogenesis pathways predicted, further developments and innovations are expected. The growing interest in the inclusion of specially the lipids including arachidonic acid in the routine diet is demanding expansion of its commercial production. The demand is attributed to the active involvement of arachidonic acid in various physiological systems including brain and cardiovascular system. Considering the above scenario a review on the overall developments in isolation, identification, molecular characterization, biotechnological developments and their future prospects are discussed herewith. The review also details the various niche areas in the current research trends which needs immediate attention.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere acknowledgement to Mr. Aseem Chauhan, Additional President, RBEF, Amity; Lt. Gen. V.K. Sharma, AVSM (Retd), Vice Chancellor, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India and Mr. Abhilash Nair, Managing Director, Zeus Biotech Ltd, Mysore, Karnataka, India for their support and encouragement throughout the work.

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    1. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Maharajpura (Opposite Airport), Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 005, India

      Arun Chand Rayaroth, Rajesh Singh Tomar & Raghavendra Kumar Mishra

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    1. Arun Chand Rayaroth
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    2. Rajesh Singh Tomar
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    3. Raghavendra Kumar Mishra
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    Correspondence to Raghavendra Kumar Mishra.

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    Arun chand Rayaroth and Rajesh Singh Tomar have contributed equally to this work.

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    Rayaroth, A., Tomar, R.S. & Mishra, R.K. Arachidonic Acid Synthesis in Mortierella alpina: Origin, Evolution and Advancements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 87, 1053–1066 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-016-0714-2

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    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-016-0714-2

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