Abstract
The adverse effects of abiotic components of the environment have led to noteworthy increases in drip global agricultural productivity. Among abiotic stresses, heavy metal (HM) stress is an important environmental factor with a significant negative impact on plants and requires serious attention due to its global presence. HMs are mostly found as key chemical components integrated into rock, particularly in industrial and urban areas. Rapid industrial development coupled with urbanization has amplified the accumulation of anthropogenic HMs in the environment. In comparison with organic substances, HMs cannot be decayed by biological interventions and thus remain in the environment for an extended period and subsequently pass through the food chain and subsequently accumulate in the bodies of humans and animals. This review provides a detailed account of the occurrence and behaviour of HMs in the environment, especially in the pedosphere, which affects the soil processes and physiology and biochemistry of plants. However, plants, particularly HM accumulators, are equipped with complex multilevel defense mechanisms to survive HM-induced stress. Here, we attempted to provide an explicit overview of these mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels. Special emphasis has been given to the potential applications of these HM-tolerant traits in the transgenic development and phytoremediation of HMs, which might shape the future of research in the domains of plant science and agriculture.
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(Adapted from Angulo-bejarano et al. 2021 under Open Access Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license). HMs (such as Pb, Cd, As, and Zn) are absorbed by the root cells where their presence or high concentrations activate various signaling pathways inside the cell. a The release of organic acids (OAs) from mitochondria that form complexes with the metallic ions outside the root cell and/or b the introduction of metals and metal-OA complexes to cells through transporters (ABC-type, ZIPs, CDF, ATPase H+ metal, etc.) are two examples of how the metal sensing signals trigger a defense response in plants. These metals are then carried into vacuoles by the metal transporters (ABC-type, NRAMP, CAX, and MTP) from the cytosol where they c form complexes with protein chelators (MTs and PCs) and d accumulate there or in another organelle like the Golgi bodies. Transporters (ZIP2 and ZNT1) and HMs can also be moved e from the xylem to the shoots where they can be incorporated f into cell vacuoles, the Golgi (MTP11), and chloroplasts (HMA) through transporters. PC—phytochelatin; MT—metallothionein
(Adapted from Singh et al. (2016) under Open Access Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license)
(Source: Adapted from Singh et al. (2016) under Open Access Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license)
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the funded projects APVV-20-0071 and EPPN2020-OPVaI-VA-ITMS313011T813.
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This is a collaborative write-up to provide information on the abiotic stress response in plants. This publication was supported by the Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic, under the projects ‘APVV-20–0071 and EPPN2020-OPVaI-VA-ITMS313011T813’.
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Conceptualization, D.M., B.C., A.M., B.K.P., P.R., Su.M., S.H., S.S., So.G., Sa.G., K.L.B., Sh.C., D.G., S.C.S., B.P., S.K., K.A., M.H.S., D.D., T.S., U.S., Sa.M. and A.H.; writing-original draft preparation: D.M., B.C., A.M., B.K.P., P.R., Su.M., S.H., S.S., So.G., Sa.G., K.L.B., Sh.C., D.G., S.C.S., B.P., S.K., K.A., M.H.S., D.D., T.S., U.S., Sa.M., and A.H.; review and editing: M.B., M.S., V.B. and A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Moulick, D., Hossain, A., Barek, V. et al. Heavy metal stress in the agro-environment: consequences, adaptations and remediation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05657-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05657-x