Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Field response and molecular screening of European wheat germplasm against powdery mildew at the Himalayan region of Pakistan

  • Plant Genetics • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Applied Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

  • 1 Altmetric

Abstract

Wheat powdery mildew possesses a significant threat to wheat crops not only on a global scale but also in the northern region of Pakistan. Recognizing the need for effective measures, the exploration and utilization of exotic germplasm take on critical importance. To address this, a series of trials were made to investigate the response of 30 European (EU) lines, in addition to the local checks (Siran, Atta-Habib (AH) and Ghanimat-e-IBGE) against wheat powdery mildew at the Himalayan region of Pakistan. The study involved field testing from 2018 to 2022 across multiple locations, resulting in 38 different environments (location × year). In addition to field evaluations, molecular genotyping was also performed. The disease was absent on the tested lines during 2018, 2019, and 2020 whereas it ranged from 0 to 100% at Chitral location during 2021, where 100% was observed only for one EU wheat line “Matrix.” The disease prevailed only at Gilgit location (0–60% for EU wheat line “F236”) and at Nagar location (0–10% for EU wheat lines Substance and Nelson) during the disease season of 2022. Most of the EU wheat lines showed very low ACI values, due to an overall low disease pressure. Matrix showed the maximum ACI (1.54) followed by Ritter (1.25) and Bli_autrichion (0.87), whereas the minimum (0.1) was for Substance, JB_Asano, and KWS_Loft followed by Canon (0.19), all exhibiting partial resistance. The molecular marker-based screening revealed that Pm38 was the most prevalent and detected in 100% of wheat lines followed by Pm39 (60%) and Pm8 (30%). Six wheat lines (20%) possessed all three Pm genes (Pm8, Pm38, and Pm39) concurrently. The variability observed in this study can be utilized in future breeding efforts aimed at developing resistant wheat varieties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data, scripts, and software outputs could be made available on proper demand.

References

  • Agrios GN (2004) Plant pathology 5th. Academic Press, New York, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbar M, Mahmood T, Yaqub M, Anwar M, Ali M, Iqbal N (2003) Variability, correlation and path coefficient studies in summer mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Asian J Plant Sci

  • Alam MA, Xue F, Wang C, Ji W (2011) Powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat: identification and genetic analysis. J Mol Biol 1:20

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Hodson D (2017) Wheat Rust Surveillance: Field disease scoring and sample collection for phenotyping and molecular genotyping. In: Wheat Rust Diseases. Humana Press, New York, NY, pp 3–11

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Shah SJA, Raman IKH, Maqbool K, Ullah W (2009a) Partial resistance to yellow rust in introduced winter wheat germplasm at the north of Pakistan. Aust J Crop Sci 3:37

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Shah SJA, Rahman H (2009b) Multi locations variability in Pakistan for partial resistance in wheat to Puccinia striiformis West. Tritici Phytopathol Mediterr 48:269–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Gladieux P, Leconte M, Gautier A, Justesen AF, Hovmoller MS, Enjalbert J, De Vallavieille-Popen C (2014) Origin, migration routes and genetic structure of worldwide populations of the wheat yellow rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. PLoS Pathog 10:e1003903

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Khan MR, Gautier A, Swati ZA, Walter S (2017) Microsatellite genotyping of the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis. Methods Mol Biol 1659:59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali S, Swati ZA, Khan MR, Iqbal A, Rehman ZU, Awais M, Ullah G, Khokhar I, Imtiaz M, Fayyaz M (2022) Wheat yellow rust status across Pakistan – a part of the pathogen center of diversity. In: Li, Ali (eds) Wheat yellow rust in the extended Himalayan region and the middle east. China Agriculture Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Arif M, Chohan MA, Ali S, Gul R, Khan S (2006) Response of wheat to foliar application of nutrients. J Agric Biol 1(4):30–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Barabás Z (1987) A búzatermesztés kézikönyve. Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest., p 537

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossolini E, Krattinger SG, Keller B (2006) Development of simple sequence repeat markers specific for the Lr34 resistance region of wheat using sequence information from rice and Aegilops tauschii. Theor Appl Genet 113:1049–1062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JK (2015) Durable resistance of crops to disease: a Darwinian perspective. Annu Rev Phytopathol 53:513–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook NM, Chng S, Woodman TL, Warren R, Oliver RP, Saunders DG (2021) High frequency of fungicide resistance-associated mutations in the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. Sp. tritici. Pest Manag Sci 77:3358–3371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz A, Zikhali M, Turner AS, Isaac P, Laurie DA (2012) Copy number variation affecting the Photoperiod-B1 and Vernalization-A1 genes is associated with altered flowering time in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PLoS One 7:e33234

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duan Y, Xiao X, Li T, Chen W, Wang J, Fraaije BA, Zhou M (2018) Impact of epoxiconazole on Fusarium head blight control, grain yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat. 2018. “Impact of epoxiconazole on Fusarium head blight control, grain yield and deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat”. Pestic Biochem Physiol 152:138–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubin H, Duveiller E (2011) Fungal, bacterial and nematode diseases of wheat: breeding for resistance and other control measures. The world wheat book. Vol. 2 A history of wheat breeding (No. CIS-6567. CIMMYT.)

  • Dyck PL, Samborski DJ, Anderson RG (1966) Inheritance of adult-plant leaf rust resistance derived from the common wheat varieties Exchange and Frontana. Can J Genet Cytol 8:665–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forst E, Goldringer I, Borg J, Gauffreteau A, Paix B, Perronne R, Enjalbert J (2019) Co-design and multicriteria assessment of wheat variety mixtures for organic farming systems. First European Conference on Crop Diversification, p 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao H, Zhu F, Jiang Y, Wu J, Yan W, Zhang Q, Cai S (2012) Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a new powdery mildew resistant gene Pm46 in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 125:967–973

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He H, Zhu S, Zhao R, Jiang Z, Ji Y, Ji J, Bie T (2018) Pm21, encoding a typical CC-NBS-LRR protein, confers broad-spectrum resistance to wheat powdery mildew disease. Mol Plant 11:879–882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera-Foessel SA, Singh RP, Lillemo M, Huerta-Espino J, Bhavani S, Singh S, Lagudah ES (2014) Lr67/Yr46 confers adult plant resistance to stem rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 127:781–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hovmøller MS, Justesen AF (2007) Rates of evolution of avirulence phenotypes and DNA markers in a northwest European population of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Mol Ecol 16(21):4637–4647

  • Hovmøller MS, Walter S, Bayles RA, Hubbard A, Flath K, Sommerfeldt N, de Vallavieille-Pope C (2016) Replacement of the European wheat yellow rust population by new races from the centre of diversity in the near-Himalayan region. Plant Pathol 65:402–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsam SLK, Zeller FJ (2002) Breeding for powdery mildew resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The powdery mildews: a comprehensive treatise, pp 219–238

  • Hurni S, Brunner S, Stirnweis D, Herren G, Peditto D, Mcintosh RA, Keller B (2014) The powdery mildew resistance gene Pm8 derived from rye is suppressed by its wheat ortholog Pm3. Plant J 79:904–913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iftikhar Z, Arif M, Munir I, Ali S (2021) Impact of selection on distribution of crop duration parameters in Chinese wheat hybrids. Sarhad J Agric 37:1178–1193

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal S, Mahmood T, Ali M, Anwar M, Sarwar M (2003) Path coefficient analysis in different genotypes of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merril). Pak J Biol Sci

  • Iqbal A, Khan MR, Ismail M, Khan S, Jalal A, Imtiaz M, Ali S (2020) Molecular and field-based characterization of yellow rust resistance in exotic wheat germplasm. Pak J Agric Sci 57(6)

  • Iqbal A, Munir I, Alam SS, Ali S (2023) Rust resistance in exotic wheat germplasm tested through molecular genotyping and field trials across Himalayan region of Pakistan. J Xi'an Shiyou Univ Nat 19:68–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Ismail M, Khan MR, Iqbal A, Facho ZH (2021) Molecular markers and field-based screening of wheat germplasm for leaf rust resistance. Pak J Bot 53:1909–1920

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovics T, Komáromi J, Fábián A, Jäger K, Vida G, Kiss L (2015) New insights into the life cycle of the wheat powdery mildew: direct observation of ascosporic infection in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Phytopathol 105(6):797–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javed R, Iqbal M, Ullah S, Khan MR, Iqbal A, Sanaullah M, Rahman MU, Fahim M, Saqib MS, Ali S (2021) Phenotypic and molecular divergence in maize (Zea mays) ecotypes. Pak J Agric Sci 58:1783–1793

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan A, Ahmad SQ (2015) Performance of exotic wheat genotypes under agro-climatic conditions of Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bilawal Rasheed Department of Agriculture. University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Science. 34

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan MR, Imtiaz M, Ahmad S, Ali S (2019) Northern Himalayan region of Pakistan with cold and wet climate favors a high prevalence of wheat powdery mildew. Sarhad J Agric 35:187–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim DH, Doyle MR, Sung S, Amasino RM (2009) Vernalization: winter and the timing of flowering in plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev 25:277–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolmer JA (2015) A QTL on chromosome 5BL in wheat enhances leaf rust resistance of Lr46. Mol Breed 35:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korkut KZ, Başer I, Bilgin O (2001) Genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability and phenotypic correlation for yield and yield components in bread wheat varieties. Acta Agron Hung 49:237–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Sieverding H, Lai L, Thandiwe N, Wienhold B, Redfearn D, Jin V (2019) Facilitating crop–livestock reintegration in the Northern Great Plains. J Agron 111:2141–2156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagudah ES, Mcfadden H, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Bariana HS, Spielmeyer W (2006) Molecular genetic characterization of the Lr34/Yr18 slow rusting resistance gene region in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 114:21–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langer SM, Longin CFH, Würschum T (2014) Flowering time control in European winter wheat. Front Plant Sci 5:537

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leath S, Bowen K (1989) Effects of powdery mildew, triadimenol seed treatment, and triadimefon foliar sprays on yield of winter wheat in North Carolina. Phytopathology 79:152–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Ali S (2022) Wheat yellow rust in the extended Himalayan region and the middle east. China Agriculture Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Lan C, He Z, Singh RP, Rosewarne GM, Chen X, Xia X (2014) Overview and application of QTL for adult plant resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew in wheat. Crop Sci 54:1907–1925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Cowger C, Wang X, Carver BF, Xu X (2019) Characterization of Pm65, a new powdery mildew resistance gene on chromosome 2AL of a facultative wheat cultivar. Theor Appl Genet 132:2625–2632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Dong Z, Ma C, Xia Q, Tian X, Sehgal S, Liu W (2020) A spontaneous wheat-Aegilops longissima translocation carrying Pm66 confers resistance to powdery mildew. Theor Appl Genet 133:1149–1159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lillemo M, Asalf B, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Chen XM, He ZH, Bjørnstad Å (2008) The adult plant rust resistance loci Lr34/Yr18 and Lr46/Yr29 are important determinants of partial resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat line Saar. Theor Appl Genet 116:1155–1166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Limpert E, Felsenstein FG, Andrivon D (1987) Analysis of virulence in populations of wheat powdery mildew in Europe. J Phytopathol 120:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Liu D, Tao W, Li W, Wang S, Chen P, Gao D (2000) Molecular marker-facilitated pyramiding of different genes for powdery mildew resistance in wheat. Plant Breed 119(1):21–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C, Sukumaran S, Jarquin D, Crossa J, Dreisigacker S, Sansaloni C, Reynolds M (2020) Comparison of array-and sequencing-based markers for genome-wide association mapping and genomic prediction in spring wheat. Crop Sci 60(1):211–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma K, Li X, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhao B, Wang B, Li Q (2021) Disease resistance and genes in 146 wheat cultivars (Lines) from the Huang-Huai-Hai Region of China. Agron 11:1025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mago R, Spielmeyer W, Lawrence G, Lagudah E, Ellis J, Pryor A (2002) Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet 104:1317–1324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood Z, Ali M, Mirza JI, Fayyaz M, Majeed K, Naeem MK, He Z (2022) Genome-wide association and genomic prediction for stripe rust resistance in synthetic-derived wheats. Front Plant Sci 13:66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh RA, Yamazaki Y, Dubcovsky J et al (2008) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG2/Triticum/wgc/2008/. Verified 17 March 2010

  • Mcintosh RA, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ, Morris C, Xia XC (2017) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2017 Supplement (KOMUGI Wheat Genetic Resource Database). http://shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/macgene/supplement2017.Pdf

  • Mohler V, Hsam SLK, Zeller FJ, Wenzel G (2001) An STS marker distinguishing the rye-derived powdery mildew resistance alleles at the Pm8/Pm17 locus of common wheat. Plant Breed 120(5):448–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordestgaard NV, Thach T, Sarup P, Rodriguez-Algaba J, Andersen JR, Hovmøller MS, Orabi J (2021) Multi-parental populations suitable for identifying sources of resistance to powdery mildew in winter wheat. Front Plant Sci 11:570863

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Papaïx J, Goyeau H, Du Cheyron P, Monod H, Lannou C (2011) Influence of cultivated landscape composition on variety resistance: an assessment based on wheat leaf rust epidemics. New Phytol 191:1095–1107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pathan AK, Park RF (2006) Evaluation of seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in European wheat cultivars. Euphytica 149(3):327–342

  • Perronne R, Diguet S, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Leconte M, Enjalbert J (2017) A framework to characterize the commercial life cycle of crop varieties: application to the case study of the influence of yellow rust epidemics on French bread wheat varieties. Field Crop Res 209:159–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perronne R, Dubs F, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Leconte M, Du Cheyron P, Cadot V, Enjalbert J (2021) Spatiotemporal changes in varietal resistance to wheat yellow rust in France reveal an increase in field resistance level during the period 1985–2018. Phytopathology® 111:1602–1612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pourkhorshid Z, Dadkhodaie A, Niazi A, Heidari B, Ebrahimi E (2014) identification of wheat stripe rust resistance genes in Iranian wheat cultivars using molecular markers. Annu Res Rev Biol 4:2766–2778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauf S, da Silva JT, Khan AA, Naveed A (2010) Consequences of plant breeding on genetic diversity. Int J Plant Breed 4:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Martín J, Widrig V, Herren G, Wicker T, Zbinden H, Gronnier J, Keller B (2021) Wheat Pm4 resistance to powdery mildew is controlled by alternative splice variants encoding chimeric proteins. Nat Plants 7(3):327–341

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Savary S, Ficke A, Aubertot JN, Hollier C (2012) Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security. Food Secur 4:519–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semenov MA, Shewry PR (2011) Modelling predicts that heat stress, not drought, will increase vulnerability of wheat in Europe. Sci Rep 1:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh RP, William HM, Huerta-Espino J, Rosewarne G (2004) Wheat rust in Asia: meeting the challenges with old and new technologies. In: Proceedings of the 4th international crop science congress (Vol. 26). Published in CDROM, Brisbane, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh RP, Herrera-Foessel S, Huerta-Espino L, Bariana H, Bansal U, Mccallum B, Hiebert C, Bhavani S, Singh S, Lan C (2012) Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38/Bdv1/Ltn1 confers slow rusting, adult plant resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici. In: Chen W-Q (ed) Proceedings of the 13th International Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Conference, Beijing, China; Aug 28–Sept 21. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen CK, Thach T, Hovmøller MS (2016) Evaluation of spray and point inoculation methods for the phenotyping of Puccinia striiformis on wheat. Plant Dis 100:1064–1070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suenaga K, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, William HM (2003) Microsatellite markers for genes Lr34/Yr18 and other quantitative trait loci for leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in bread wheat. Phytopathology 93:881–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szepessy I (1977) Növénybetegségek. Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest

    Google Scholar 

  • Te Beest DE, Paveley ND, Shaw MW, Van Den Bosch F (2008) Disease–weather relationships for powdery mildew and yellow rust on winter wheat. Phytopathology 98(5):609–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallavieille-Pope D, Ali S, Leconte M, Enjalbert J, Delos M, Rouzet J (2012) Virulence dynamics and regional structuring of Puccinia striiformis f. Sp. tritici in France between 1984 and 2009. Plant Dis 96:131–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Wouw M, Kik C, Van Hintum T, Van Treuren R, Visser B (2010) Genetic erosion in crops: concept, research results and challenges. Plant Genet Resour 8:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter S, Ali S, Kemen E, Nazari K, Bahri BA, Enjalbert J, Justesen AF (2016) Molecular markers for tracking the origin and worldwide distribution of invasive strains of Puccinia striiformis. Ecol Evol 6(9):2790–2804

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Li Liu D, Asseng S, Macadam I, Yu Q (2015) Impact of climate change on wheat flowering time in eastern Australia. Agric For Meteorol 209:11–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White JW, Hoogenboom G, Kimball BA, Wall GW (2011) Methodologies for simulating impacts of climate change on crop production. Field Crop Res 124:357–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • William M, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Islas SO, Hoisington D (2003) Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Lr46 and its association with stripe rust resistance gene Yr29 in wheat. Phytopathology 93(2):153–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao M, Song F, Jiao J, Wang X, Xu H, Li H (2013) Identification of the gene Pm47 on chromosome 7BS conferring resistance to powdery mildew in the Chinese wheat landrace Hongyanglazi. Theor Appl Genet 126:1397–1403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yahiaoui N, Srichumpa P, Dudler R, Keller B (2004) Genome analysis at different ploidy levels allows cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3b from hexaploid wheat. Plant J 37(4):528–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yao D, Ijaz W, Liu Y, Hu J, Peng W, Zhang B, Sun G (2022) Identification of a Pm4 allele as a powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat line xiaomaomai. Int J Mol Sci 23:1194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller FJ (1973) 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome substitutions and translocations. In: Proceedings of the fourth international wheat genetics symposium. Alien genetic material. (pp. 209-221). University of Missouri

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou R, Zhu Z, Kong X, Huo N, Tian Q, Li P, Jia J (2005) Development of wheat near-isogenic lines for powdery mildew resistance. Theor Appl Genet 110:640–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the research scientists and field working staff at IBGE and Hazara University Mansehra, particularly Mr. Shahzad Ahmad and Mr. Aizaz Arshad. Special thanks to European colleagues who sent their material for testing in Pakistan.

Funding

The work received financial support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 773311 (RustWatch) and the CIMMYT funding through Agriculture Innovation Programme (AIP GRANT number PIO grant # AID-BFS-G-11-00002 and ICC W0266.02).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Aamir Iqbal, Zia Ur Rehman, Muhammad Rameez Khan, Amir Muhammad Khan, Shahid Ullah Khan, Muhammad Arif, Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Minhaj Ali, Muhammad Qasim, Imran Ali, Zakir Hussain Facho, Muhammad Hussain, Ijlal Hussain & Sajid Ali

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Lakki-Marwat, 28420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Javaid Iqbal

  3. Department of Soil Conservation, Chitral, Pakistan

    Mujeeb Ur Rehman

  4. Department of Agriculture Extension, Parachinar, Pakistan

    Minhaj Ali

  5. Department of Agriculture Research, Quetta, Pakistan

    Muhammad Qasim

  6. Department of Agriculture Extension, Skardu, Pakistan

    Zakir Hussain Facho

  7. Department of Agriculture Extension, Nagar, Pakistan

    Muhammad Hussain

  8. Department of Agriculture Extension, Hunza, Pakistan

    Ijlal Hussain

  9. University of Veterinary and & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

    Jamshaid Ahmad

  10. Department of Agriculture (Plant Breeding and Genetics), Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan

    Sajid Ali

Authors
  1. Aamir Iqbal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zia Ur Rehman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Rameez Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amir Muhammad Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shahid Ullah Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Muhammad Arif
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Javaid Iqbal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mujeeb Ur Rehman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Minhaj Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Muhammad Qasim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Imran Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Zakir Hussain Facho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Muhammad Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Ijlal Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Jamshaid Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Sajid Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AI, ZUR, MRK, AMK, SUK, MA, JI, MUR, MA, MQ, IA, ZHF, MH, IH, JA, and SA conducted the field trial. AI conducted molecular genotyping. AI, ZUR, MRK, and SA analyzed the data. JI, MUR, MI, MQ, IA, ZHF, MH, IH, and JA provided the technical support for the field trials at multi-locations. AI wrote the manuscript. ZUR, MRK, and SA revised the manuscript. SA provided funding resources for the study. SA designed the study.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aamir Iqbal or Sajid Ali.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

This is an observational study on plants. The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan has evaluated the ethical aspects in Board of Studies and did not consider necessary to get ethical approval.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Communicated by: Izabela Pawłowicz

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

ESM 1

(DOCX 2822 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Iqbal, A., Rehman, Z.U., Khan, M.R. et al. Field response and molecular screening of European wheat germplasm against powdery mildew at the Himalayan region of Pakistan. J Appl Genetics 64, 667–678 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-023-00789-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-023-00789-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation