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Formation Mechanism, Evolution and Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Al-killed, Ti-Alloyed Steel Melt: A Review

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Abstract

Titanium alloying is done to impart special properties to the steel. Addition of titanium to an Al-killed steel results in the formation of transient Al-Ti-O inclusions. These Al-Ti-O inclusions cause castability issues and enhance the nozzle clogging phenomenon during continuous casting. The present study comprehensively reviews the formation mechanism, evolution, and modification of Al-Ti–O inclusions during secondary steelmaking covering simple (Al and Ti) and complex (Al-Ti) deoxidation equilibria. The formation mechanism of transient Al-(Mg)-Ti-O inclusions in Al-killed, Ti-alloyed steel has also been discussed in detail. The influence of important process parameters such as the addition sequence of Ti, its sources (Ti/ferrotitanium type), the presence of Mg and the Ca treatment for the modification of Al-Ti-O have been covered. In a nutshell, we have endeavoured (a) to link the various stages from the formation to modification via the transient route of Al-Ti-O inclusions and (b) to identify the gaps which are not clearly established and/or not understood. Bridging these gaps could be an effective approach to enhance steel cleanness in Al-killed, Ti-alloyed steel grades.

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Acknowledgements

The financial support for preparing this manuscript has been provided by Industrial Research and Consultancy Center (IRCC) IIT Bombay, Mumbai (project no. RD/0518-IRCCSH0-011) (2) Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (project no. CRG/2019/000086) and (3) Centre of Excellence in Steel Technology (CoEST), IIT Bombay.

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  1. Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India

    Sanjay Pindar & Manish M. Pande

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  1. Sanjay Pindar
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Pindar, S., Pande, M.M. Formation Mechanism, Evolution and Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Al-killed, Ti-Alloyed Steel Melt: A Review. Trans Indian Inst Met 76, 2587–2600 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-023-02947-9

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