Abstract
In this state-of-the-art review, various adsorbents (i.e., Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), Activated Carbons and their composites, Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) and zeolites) for CO2 adsorption both at low and high-pressure applications (i.e., pre- and post-combustion CO2 capture, adsorption heat pumps employing CO2 as refrigerant) are explored. The most suitable candidate, i.e., the various grades of activated carbons (ACs), is identified based on their equilibrium uptake (isotherm data), rate of adsorption (kinetic data), isosteric heat of adsorption and cost. The study presents a comprehensive review on the basis of various models of adsorption isotherms and kinetics, their merits and demerits, and their applicability, especially in the context of CO2-adsorbent pairs. The literature shows that the activated carbons with high surface area, pore volume and better pore network results in higher equilibrium uptake and faster kinetics. A comparative analysis presented in the review work highlights that high-grade activated carbons having higher absolute uptake, also result in higher net uptake, i.e., the deciding factor for selecting the adsorbents for adsorption-based refrigeration and heat transformation applications. The comparative study clearly shows that most of the MOFs with high surface area outperform the best-activated carbons in equilibrium CO2 uptake. However, their high heat of adsorption, slower kinetics and significantly high cost comes in their way of commercialization for high/low-pressure CO2 adsorption applications. One of the notable observations of the review work is that adsorbents that perform better in low-pressure applications may not be a handsome candidate for high-pressure applications, as both mechanisms are different. Various isotherm models are compared based on the R2 value of the fitted data. The comparison clearly demonstrates that some of the models, i.e., (Langmuir, Freundlich), give better predictions at low-pressure conditions while some (Toth, D-A, Modified D-A, and D-R) give a better prediction for high-pressure adsorption. Some isotherm models take care of the surface heterogeneity, hence suitable for AC-CO2 pair. Most importantly, the compiled data for the adsorption isotherms and kinetics will be useful for further analysis and design of adsorption systems and selection of adsorbents, especially for CO2 adsorption systems suitable for green refrigeration/heat pump and carbon capture application.
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Abbreviations
- A:
-
Polanyi’s coefficient, J mol−1
- a:
-
Henry’s constant in Prausnitz model, Pa−1
- B:
-
Temperature-dependent heat of adsorption in Temkin model, J mol−1
- b :
-
Temkin Parameter, J mol−1
- b0 :
-
Pre-exponential constant in Toth model, Pa−1
- Cp :
-
Specific heat capacity, kJ kg−1 K−1
- E:
-
Adsorbate-adsorbent interaction energy, J mol−1
- Ea :
-
Activation energy, kJ mol−1
- f :
-
Fugacity, Pa
- K:
-
Henry’s constant in Toth model, Pa−1
- k :
-
D-A and Modified D-A parameter for the interaction of adsorbate-adsorbent for estimation of pseudovapour pressures, –
- K, B, b0, Bs, B∞ :
-
Langmuir/Freundlich/Sips/Toth/BET/ Prausnitz isotherm constant, Pa−1
- K1 :
-
Temperature-dependent Sips isotherm parameter, bar−1
- K2 :
-
Temperature-dependent Sips isotherm parameter, K
- K3, K4 :
-
Temperature-dependent Sips isotherm parameter, mol kg−1
- K5 :
-
Temperature-dependent Sips isotherm parameter, –
- K6 :
-
Temperature-dependent Sips isotherm parameter, K
- KD :
-
Modified DA parameter, –
- KT :
-
Temkin constant, cm3 g−1 bar−1
- n :
-
Freundlich/Sips/D-A/Modified DA isotherm constant, –
- P:
-
Pressure, Pa
- Pc :
-
Critical pressure, Pa
- Ps :
-
Saturation pressure, Pa
- Q:
-
Isosteric heat of adsorption, kJ mol−1
- q, C, qe, x :
-
Equilibrium uptake, kg kg−1, mmol g−1, or mol kg−1, g g−1
- qe :
-
Equilibrium adsorption capacity, g of CO2 g−1
- qm, C0, q0, x o :
-
Saturated/ limiting uptake of adsorbate, mmol g−1, or mol kg−1, or g g−1
- qms :
-
Limiting uptake of adsorbate in temperature-dependent Sips model, mmol g−1, or mol kg−1, or g g−1
- r, R:
-
Coefficient of regression, –
- Ru :
-
Universal gas constant, J mol−1 K−1
- T:
-
Temperature, K or °C
- t:
-
Toth/ BET/P isotherm parameter, –
- Tc :
-
Critical temperature of CO2, K or °C
- Tcond :
-
Condenser temperature, °C
- Te :
-
Evaporator temperature, K
- Tg :
-
Generator temperature, K
- Tsat :
-
Saturation temperature of CO2, K or °C
- W:
-
Equilibrium volumetric uptake, m3 kg−1
- W0 :
-
Limiting volumetric uptake, m3 kg−1
- ν a, V m :
-
Specific volume of adsorbed phase, m3 kg−1
- λ:
-
Dubinin Radushkevich constant, mol2 J−2
- ω:
-
Polanyi constant in DR model, J mol−1
- κ:
-
Coefficient in 1st and 2nd order kinetic model, 1/min
- AC:
-
Activated carbon
- ACF:
-
Activated Carbon Fibres
- ACS:
-
Activated Carbon Spheres
- ADCS:
-
Adsorption based cooling systems
- APTES:
-
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- BET:
-
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
- CB:
-
Carbon black
- CCS:
-
Carbon capture and storage
- CFCs:
-
Chlorofluorocarbons
- CMS:
-
Carbon molecular sieves
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- CSAC:
-
Coconut shell-based activated carbon
- CVD:
-
Carbon vapour deposition technique
- DES:
-
Deep Eutectic Solvent
- EG:
-
Expanded graphite
- ENG:
-
Expanded natural graphite
- FM:
-
Fine particles of magnetite
- GAC:
-
Granular activated carbon
- GNPs:
-
Graphene nanoplatelets
- HEC:
-
Hydroxyl cellulose
- HMMM:
-
Hexamethoxymethylmelamine
- IL:
-
Ionic liquid
- M:
-
Mangrove
- MOF:
-
Metal Organic Framework
- NBP:
-
Normal boiling point
- OXA-GAC:
-
Ammonia modified activated carbon
- PSA:
-
Pressure swing adsorption
- PVA:
-
Polyvinyl Alcohol
- SBSM:
-
Strong binding site molarity
- SBUs:
-
Secondary binding units
- TCE:
-
Thermal conductivity enhancer
- VBTMA (Ala):
-
Vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium alanate
- VCRS:
-
Vapour compression refrigeration systems
- VPSA:
-
Vacuum pressure swing adsorption
- WPT:
-
Waste palm trunk
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Department of Science and Technology (Science and Engineering Research Board), Govt. of India [Grant No. ECR/2018/000141].
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Gautam, Sah, R.P. & Sahoo, S. A review on adsorption isotherms and kinetics of CO2 and various adsorbent pairs suitable for carbon capture and green refrigeration applications. Sādhanā 48, 27 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02080-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02080-9