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Improvement of Soybean; A Way Forward Transition from Genetic Engineering to New Plant Breeding Technologies

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Abstract

Soybean is considered one of the important crops among legumes. Due to high nutritional contents in seed (proteins, sugars, oil, fatty acids, and amino acids), soybean is used globally for food, feed, and fuel. The primary consumption of soybean is vegetable oil and feed for chickens and livestock. Apart from this, soybean benefits soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen through root nodular bacteria. While conventional breeding is practiced for soybean improvement, with the advent of new biotechnological methods scientists have also engineered soybean to improve different traits (herbicide, insect, and disease resistance) to fulfill consumer requirements and to meet the global food deficiency. Genetic engineering (GE) techniques such as transgenesis and gene silencing help to minimize the risks and increase the adaptability of soybean. Recently, new plant breeding technologies (NPBTs) emerged such as zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator‐like effector nucleases, and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), which paved the way for enhanced genetic modification of soybean. These NPBTs have the potential to improve soybean via gene functional characterization precision genome engineering for trait improvement. Importantly, these NPBTs address the ethical and public acceptance issues related to genetic modifications and transgenesis in soybean. In the present review, we summarized the improvement of soybean through GE and NPBTs. The valuable traits that have been improved through GE for different constraints have been discussed. Moreover, the traits that have been improved through NPBTs and potential targets for soybean improvements via NPBTs and solutions for ethical and public acceptance are also presented.

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Fig. 1

source organism; (3) amplified gene/DNA fragment from source genomic DNA also known as gene of interest for different trait(s) improvement; (4) Agrobacterium tumefaciens; (5) tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid with T-DNA isolated from A. tumefaciens; (6) Disarmed Plasmid; (7) recombinant DNA with transgene showed in red color; (8a) Agrobacterium transformed by electroporation method; (8b) loading of recombinant DNA onto gold particles; (9a) transformed Agrobacterium culture ready for soybean infection; (9b) biolistic/Gene gun transformation of recombinant plasmid; (10) regeneration of putative transgenic soybean on selection media, and (11) acclimatization of transgenic soybean with desired trait(s)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Saleem Ur Rahman, Ghulam Raza, Shahid Mansoor & Imran Amin

  2. Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Saleem Ur Rahman, Ghulam Raza, Shahid Mansoor & Imran Amin

  3. Center for Applied Genetic Technologies (CAGT), University of Georgia, Athens, USA

    Evan McCoy

  4. Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Center for Desert Agriculture and Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia

    Zahir Ali

Authors
  1. Saleem Ur Rahman
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  2. Evan McCoy
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  3. Ghulam Raza
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  4. Zahir Ali
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  5. Shahid Mansoor
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  6. Imran Amin
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Contributions

SM and ZA conceived the manuscript. SR and EM retrieved the literature and drafted the manuscript. SM, ZA, IA, and GR reviewed and drafted the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Imran Amin.

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Rahman, S.U., McCoy, E., Raza, G. et al. Improvement of Soybean; A Way Forward Transition from Genetic Engineering to New Plant Breeding Technologies. Mol Biotechnol 65, 162–180 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-022-00456-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-022-00456-6

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