Abstract
Benzene vapor is notoriously known to induce adverse human health, which plays a definite role in the deformation of cells. Various advanced adsorbents from lignocellulosic precursors have emerged as cheaper alternatives to the green process for the adsorption of gaseous benzene. In this paper, the prominence mainly benzene vapor removal with lignin-based adsorbent in the adsorption technology has investigated the textural, morphology, and chemical characteristics of activated carbon synthesized from Fraxinus excelsior L. seeds, a lignocellulosic biomass waste. Chemically starting HCl and KOH in the N2 atmosphere was adopted, contributing to the porous carbon material's well-developed porosity and surface chemistry. Also, carbonaceous materials were investigated by Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction. Herein, the optimum way for producing activated carbon was recognized to be: activation temperature of 800 and 700 °C in line with an impregnation weight ratio of samples to HCl 1:2 and KOH 1:3 for 2 h activation time as FE7AC and FE22AC, which have resulted in 676 m2/g and 0.39 cm3/g; 734 m2/g and 0.48 cm3/g of BET surface area and total pore volume, respectively. The SEM observations exhibited advanced high porosity development formed by oxidation–reduction reaction, while FTIR confirmed the presence of various surface functional groups. Moreover, benzene became more tremendously facile for four ambient temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and until 200 min contact time. The tremendous values varied from 96 to 224 mg/g and 122 to 286 mg/g depending on lignin-based adsorbent amounts as 0.5 or 1 g and an initial benzene concentration of 100 mg/m3 by using FE7AC and FE22AC. The main innovation of this paper is exciting to assist recent paths for optimizing air filtration procedures under actual environmental circumstances, particularly regarding its compatibility with the benzene molecular structure of FE22AC. The paper concludes that the performance of the FE22AC can be enhanced via improvements in its surface properties for a wide array of actual benzene concentrations from gaseous applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.
References
Abd-Rabboh HS, Fawy KF, Hamdy MS, Elbehairi SI, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Ibrahium HA, Alamri S, Awwad NS (2022) Valorization of rice husk and straw agriculture wastes of Eastern Saudi Arabia: production of bio-based silica, lignocellulose, and activated carbon. Materials 15(11):3746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113746
Alghamdi AA, Al-Odayni AB, Saeed WS, Al-Kahtani A, Alharthi FA, Aouak T (2019) Efficient adsorption of lead (II) from aqueous phase solutions using polypyrrole-based activated carbon. Materials 12(12):2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122020
Anand B, Szulejko JE, Kim KH, Younis SA (2021) Proof of concept for CUK family metal-organic frameworks as environmentally-friendly adsorbents for benzene vapor. Environ Poll 285:117491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117491
Arminda M, Josúe C, Cristina D, Fabiana S, Yolanda M (2021) Use of activated carbons for detoxification of a lignocellulosic hydrolysate: Statistical optimisation. J Environ Manag 296:113320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113320
ASTM D1102–84, (2013). Standard test method for ash in wood ASTM international, West Conshohocken: Philadelphia, PA
ASTM E871–82 (2019) Standard test method for moisture analysis of particulate wood fuels ASTM international, West Conshohocken: Philadelphia, PA
ASTM E872–82 (2019) Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis of particulate wood fuels ASTM international, West Conshohocken: Philadelphia, PA
ASTM (2011) Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke. In: D3175–11
Azhagapillai P, Al Shoaibi A, Chandrasekar S (2021) Surface functionalization methodologies on activated carbons and their benzene adsorption. Carbon Lett 31:419–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00170-w
Borhan A, Yusup S, Lim JW, Show PL (2019) Characterization and modelling studies of activated carbon produced from rubber-seed shell using KOH for CO2 adsorption. Processes 7(11):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110855
Boundzanga HM, Cagnon B, Roulet M, de Persis S, Vautrin-Ul C, Bonnamy S (2020) Contributions of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin to the mass and the porous characteristics of activated carbons produced from biomass residues by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00816-9
Brdarić D, Kovač-Andrić E, Šapina M, Kramarić K, Lutz N, Perković T, Egorov A (2019) Indoor air pollution with benzene, formaldehyde, and nitrogen dioxide in schools in Osijek, Croatia. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:963–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00715-7
Chaiklieng S, Suggaravetsiri P, Autrup H (2019) Risk assessment on benzene exposure among gasoline station workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(14):2545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142545
Chen G, Yang X, Ma Y, Ruan C, Chen Q, Jin X, Sun J, He S (2023) Structurally controllable hollow carbon spheres for gaseous benzene adsorption. J Environ Chem Eng 11(1):109182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.109182
Chouikhi N, Cecilia JA, Vilarrasa-García E, Serrano-Cantador L, Besghaier S, Chlendi M, Bagane M, Castellón ER (2021) Valorization of agricultural waste as a carbon materials for selective separation and storage of CO2, H2 and N2. Biomass Bioenergy 155:106297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106297
Contescu CI, Adhikari SP, Gallego NC, Evans ND, Biss BE (2018) Activated carbons derived from high-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. C 4(3):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/c4030051
de Mello R, Motheo AJ, Saez C, Rodrigo MA (2022) Combination of granular activated carbon adsorption and electrochemical oxidation processes in methanol medium for benzene removal. Electrochim Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140681
Deng H, Kang S, Ma J, Zhang C, He H (2018) Silver incorporated into cryptomelane-type manganese oxide boosts the catalytic oxidation of benzene. Appl Catal B 239:214–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.08.006
Deng Z, Deng Q, Wang L, Xiang P, Lin J, Murugadoss V, Song G (2021) Modifying coconut shell activated carbon for improved purification of benzene from volatile organic waste gas. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 4(3):751–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00273-6
Department of Environmental health (2017) Department of Environmental health Environmental Health in Israel
Dizbay-Onat M, Floyd E, Vaidya UK, Lungu CT (2018) Applicability of industrial sisal fiber waste derived activated carbon for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Fibers Polym 19:805–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-7866-z
El Nemr A, Aboughaly RM, El Sikaily A, Masoud MS, Ramadan MS, Ragab S (2022) Microporous-activated carbons of type I adsorption isotherm derived from sugarcane bagasse impregnated with zinc chloride. Carbon Lett 32(1):229–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-021-00270-1
Environ (2014) Environ project environmental and social standards-yamal LNG project
Feng C, Deng Y, Jiaqiang E, Han D, Tan Y (2023) Effect analysis on hydrocarbon adsorption enhancement of ZSM-5 zeolite modified by transition metal ions in cold start of gasoline engine. Energy 267:126554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126554
Fetisov V, Gonopolsky AM, Davardoost H, Ghanbari AR, Mohammadi AH (2023) Regulation and impact of VOC and CO2 emissions on low-carbon energy systems resilient to climate change: a case study on an environmental issue in the oil and gas industry. Energy Sci Eng 11(4):1516–1535
Flanagan J, Meyer M, Pasamar MA, Ibarra A, Roller M, iGenoher NA, Leiva S, Gomez-García F, Alcaraz M, Martínez-Carrasco A, Vicente V (2013) Safety evaluation and nutritional composition of a Fraxinus excelsior seed extract, FraxiPure™. Food Chem Toxicol 53:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.030
Franco DS, Georgin J, Netto MS, Allasia D, Oliveira ML, Foletto EL, Dotto GL (2021) Highly effective adsorption of synthetic phenol effluent by a novel activated carbon prepared from fruit wastes of the Ceiba speciosa forest species. J Environ Chem Eng 9(5):105927
Gao Y, Yue Q, Gao B, Li A (2020) Insight into activated carbon from different kinds of chemical activating agents: a review. Sci Total Environ 746:141094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141094
Gayathiri M, Pulingam T, Lee KT, Sudesh K (2022) Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133764
González-García P (2018) Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: a review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:1393–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.117
Hassan MF, Sabri MA, Fazal H, Hafeez A, Shezad N, Hussain M (2020) Recent trends in activated carbon fibers production from various precursors and applications—a comparative review. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 145:104715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.104715
He S, Shi G, Xiao H, Sun G, Shi Y, Chen G, Dai H, Yuan B, Chen X, Yang X (2021) Self S-doping activated carbon derived from lignin-based pitch for removal of gaseous benzene. Chem Eng J 410:128286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128286
Heidarinejad Z, Dehghani MH, Heidari M, Javedan G, Ali I, Sillanpää M (2020) Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:393–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00955-0
Hossain N, Nizamuddin S, Selvakannan P, Griffin G, Madapusi S, Shah K (2022) The effect of KOH activation and Ag nanoparticle incorporation on rice husk-based porous materials for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 291:132760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132760
İlbay Z, Haşimoğlu A, Özdemir OK, Ateş F, Şahin S (2017) Highly efficient recovery of biophenols onto graphene oxide nanosheets: valorisation of a biomass. J Mol Liq 246:208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.09.046
Isinkaralar K (2022a) High-efficiency removal of benzene vapor using activated carbon from Althaea officinalis L. biomass as a lignocellulosic precursor. Environ Sci Poll Res 29(44):66728–66740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20579-2
Isinkaralar K (2022b) Theoretical removal study of gas BTEX onto activated carbon produced from Digitalis purpurea L. biomass. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 12(9):4171–4181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02558-2
Isinkaralar K (2023a) A study on the gaseous benzene removal based on adsorption onto the cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent. Molecules 28(8):3453. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083453
Isinkaralar K (2023b) Experimental evaluation of benzene adsorption in the gas phase using activated carbon from waste biomass. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03979-3
Isinkaralar O (2023c) Bioclimatic comfort in urban planning and modeling spatial change during 2020–2100 according to climate change scenarios in Kocaeli Türkiye. Int J Environ Sci Technol 20(7):7775–7786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04992-9
Isinkaralar K, Turkyilmaz A (2022) Simultaneous adsorption of selected VOCs in the gas environment by low-cost adsorbent from Ricinus communis. Carbon Lett 32(7):1781–1789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-022-00399-7
Isinkaralar O, Varol C (2023) A cellular automata-based approach for spatio-temporal modeling of the city center as a complex system: the case of Kastamonu, Türkiye. Cities 132:104073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104073
Isinkaralar O, Varol C, Yilmaz D (2022) Digital mapping and predicting the urban FEowth: intefeating scenarios into cellular automata—Markov chain modeling. Appl Geom 14(4):695–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-022-00464-w
Jang J, Son M, Chung S, Kim K, Cho C, Lee BH, Ham MH (2015) Low-temperature-grown continuous graphene films from benzene by chemical vapor deposition at ambient pressure. Sci Rep 5(1):17955. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17955
Jareteg A, Maggiolo D, Thunman H, Sasic S, Ström H (2021) Investigation of steam regeneration strategies for industrial-scale temperature-swing adsorption of benzene on activated carbon. Chem Eng Process-Process Intensif 167:108546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108546
Karimnezhad L, Haghighi M, Fatehifar E (2014) Adsorption of benzene and toluene from waste gas using activated carbon activated by ZnCl2. Front Environ Sci Eng 8(6):835–844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0695-4
Khan A, Szulejko JE, Kim KH, Sammadar P, Lee SS, Yang X, Ok YS (2019) A comparison of figure of merit (FOM) for various materials in adsorptive removal of benzene under ambient temperature and pressure. Environ Res 168:96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.019
Kharrazi SM, Mirghaffari N, Dastgerdi MM, Soleimani M (2020) A novel post-modification of powdered activated carbon prepared from lignocellulosic waste through thermal tension treatment to enhance the porosity and heavy metals adsorption. Powder Technol 366:358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.065
Kim NS, Oh M, Kim K, Jo C (2021a) 3D graphene-like zeolite-templated carbon with hierarchical structures as a high-performance adsorbent for volatile organic compounds. Chem Eng J 409:128076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128076
Kim WK, Younis SA, Kim KH (2021b) A strategy for the enhancement of trapping efficiency of gaseous benzene on activated carbon (AC) through modification of their surface functionalities. Environ Pollut 270:116239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116239
Konggidinata MI, Chao B, Lian Q, Subramaniam R, Zappi M, Gang DD (2017) Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for adsorption of BTEX onto ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC). J Hazard Mater 336:249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.073
Kwiatkowski M, Broniek E (2017) An analysis of the porous structure of activated carbons obtained from hazelnut shells by various physical and chemical methods of activation. Colloids Surf A 529:443–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.028
Laksaci H, Khelifi A, Trari M, Addoun A (2017) Synthesis and characterization of microporous activated carbon from coffee grounds using potassium hydroxides. J Clean Prod 147:254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.102
Largitte L, Brudey T, Tant T, Dumesnil PC, Lodewyckx P (2016) Comparison of the adsorption of lead by activated carbons from three lignocellulosic precursors. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 219:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.07.005
Lee KLK, McGuire BA, McCarthy MC (2019) Gas-phase synthetic pathways to benzene and benzonitrile: a combined microwave and thermochemical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 21(6):2946–2956. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP06070C
Li S, Han K, Li J et al (2017) Preparation and characterization of super activated carbon produced from gulfweed by KOH activation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 243:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2017.02.052
Li S, Song K, Zhao D, Rugarabamu JR, Diao R, Gu Y (2020a) Molecular simulation of benzene adsorption on different activated carbon under different temperatures. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 302:110220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110220
Li X, Zhang L, Yang Z, He Z, Wang P, Yan Y, Ran J (2020b) Hydrophobic modified activated carbon using PDMS for the adsorption of VOCs in humid condition. Sep Purif Technol 239:116517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116517
Liu Y, Zhou H, Cao R, Liu X, Zhang P, Zhan J, Liu L (2019) Facile and green synthetic strategy of birnessite-type MnO2 with high efficiency for airborne benzene removal at low temperatures. Appl Catal B 245:569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.01.023
Liu C, Huang X, Li J (2020) Outdoor benzene highly impacts indoor concentrations globally. Sci Total Environ 720:137640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137640
Long C, Li Y, Yu W, Li A (2012) Removal of benzene and methyl ethyl ketone vapor: comparison of hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent with activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 203:251–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.010
Luo T, Wang Z, Wei X, Huang X, Bai S, Chen J (2022) Surface enrichment promotes the decomposition of benzene from air. Catal Sci Technol 12(7):2340–2345. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CY02296B
Ma X, Ding C, Li D, Wu M, Yu Y (2018) A facile approach to prepare biomass-derived activated carbon hollow fibers from wood waste as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Cellulose 25:4743–4755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1903-3
Ma X, Yang L, Wu H (2021) Removal of volatile organic compounds from the coal-fired flue gas by adsorption on activated carbon. J Clean Prod 302:126925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126925
Martínez de Yuso A, Izquierdo MT, Rubio B, Carrott PJM (2013) Adsorption of toluene and toluene–water vapor mixture on almond shell based activated carbons. Adsorption 19:1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-013-9540-5
Mataji M, Khoshandam B (2014) Benzene adsorption on activated carbon from walnut shell. Chem Eng Commun 201(10):1294–1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2013.808996
Mehralipour J, Jafari AJ, Gholami M, Esrafili A, Kermani M (2022) Synthesis of BiOI@ NH2-MIL125 (Ti)/Zeolite as a novel MOF and advanced hybrid oxidation process application in benzene removal from polluted air stream. J Environ Health Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-022-00837-8
Miller D, Armstrong K, Styring P (2022) Assessing methods for the production of renewable benzene. Sustain Prod Consum 32:184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.04.019
Ministry for the Environment (2010) Ministry for the environment clean air conservation act
Mistar EM, Alfatah T, Supardan MD (2020) Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from Bambusa vulgaris striata using two-step KOH activation. J Market Res 9(3):6278–6286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.041
Mohammad SG, Ahmed SM, Amr AEGE, Kamel AH (2020) Porous activated carbon from lignocellulosic agricultural waste for the removal of acetampirid pesticide from aqueous solutions. Molecules 25(10):2339. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102339
Mohammed J, Nasri NS, Zaini MAA, Hamza UD, Ani FN (2015) Adsorption of benzene and toluene onto KOH activated coconut shell based carbon treated with NH3. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 102:245–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.02.012
Moussavi G, Rashidi R, Khavanin A (2013) The efficacy of GAC/MgO composite for destructive adsorption of benzene from waste air stream. Chem Eng J 228:741–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.032
Nayek S, Padhy PK (2020) Personal exposure to VOCs (BTX) and women health risk assessment in rural kitchen from solid biofuel burning during cooking in West Bengal, India. Chemosphere 244:125447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125447
Oh JY, You YW, Park J, Hong JS, Heo I, Lee CH, Suh JK (2019) Adsorption characteristics of benzene on resin-based activated carbon under humid conditions. J Ind Eng Chem 71:242–249
Osuchowski Ł, Szczęśniak B, Choma J, Jaroniec M (2019) High benzene adsorption capacity of micro-mesoporous carbon spheres prepared from XAD-4 resin beads with pores protected effectively by silica. J Mater Sci 54(22):13892–13900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03869-y
Ouzzine M, Romero-Anaya AJ, Lillo-Rodenas MA, Linares-Solano A (2019) Spherical activated carbons for the adsorption of a real multicomponent VOC mixture. Carbon 148:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.03.075
Padilla O, Gallego J, Santamaría A (2018) Using benzene as growth precursor for the carbon nanostructure synthesis in an inverse diffusion flame reactor. Diam Relat Mater 86:128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2018.04.024
Pal VK, Lee S, Naidu M, Lee C, Kannan K (2022) Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene found in hand sanitizers from the United States. Environ Int 167:107449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107449
Pui WK, Yusoff R, Aroua MK (2019) A review on activated carbon adsorption for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Rev Chem Eng 35(5):649–668. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0057
Qiao Y, Lv N, Li D, Li H, Xue X, Jiang W, Xu Z, Che G (2021) Construction of MOF-shell porous materials and performance studies in the selective adsorption and separation of benzene pollutants. Dalton Trans 50(26):9076–9087. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1DT01205C
Quesada HB, de Araújo TP, Vareschini DT, de Barros MASD, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R (2020) Chitosan, alginate and other macromolecules as activated carbon immobilizing agents: a review on composite adsorbents for the removal of water contaminants. Int J Biol Macromol 164:2535–2549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.118
Rene ER, Kar S, Krishnan J, Pakshirajan K, López ME, Murthy DVS, Swaminathan T (2015) Start-up, performance and optimization of a compost biofilter treating gas-phase mixture of benzene and toluene. Biores Technol 190:529–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.049
Saadi W, Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Ruiz B, Najar-Souissi S, Ouederni A, Fuente E (2022) From pomegranate peels waste to one-step alkaline carbonate activated carbons. Prospect as sustainable adsorbent for the renewable energy production. J Environ Chem Eng 10(1):107010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107010
Saha D, Mirando N, Levchenko A (2018) Liquid and vapor phase adsorption of BTX in lignin derived activated carbon: equilibrium and kinetics study. J Clean Prod 182:372–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.076
Sakizadeh M (2019) Spatiotemporal variations and characterization of the chronic cancer risk associated with benzene exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 182:109387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109387
Saleem F, Zhang K, Harvey AP (2019) Decomposition of benzene as a tar analogue in CO2 and H2 carrier gases, using a non-thermal plasma. Chem Eng J 360:714–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.195
Saleh TA, Danmaliki GI (2016) Influence of acidic and basic treatments of activated carbon derived from waste rubber tires on adsorptive desulfurization of thiophenes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 60:460–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.11.008
Samiyammal P, Kokila A, Pragasan LA et al (2022) Adsorption of brilliant green dye onto activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shell by KOH activation: studies on equilibrium isotherm. Environ Res 212:113497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113497
Sekar A, Varghese GK, Varma MR (2019) Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment. Heliyon 5(11):e02918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02918
Selvaraju G, Bakar NKA (2017) Production of a new industrially viable green-activated carbon from Artocarpus integer fruit processing waste and evaluation of its chemical, morphological and adsorption properties. J Clean Prod 141:989–999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.056
Shi G, He S, Chen G, Ruan C, Ma Y, Chen Q, Jin X, Liu X, He C, Du C, Dai H, Yang X (2022) Crayfish shell-based micro-mesoporous activated carbon: Insight into preparation and gaseous benzene adsorption mechanism. Chem Eng J 428:131148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131148
Shrestha D, Rajbhandari A (2021) The effects of different activating agents on the physical and electrochemical properties of activated carbon electrodes fabricated from wood-dust of Shorea robusta. Heliyon 7(9):e07917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07917
Spatari G, Allegra A, Carrieri M, Pioggia G, Gangemi S (2021) Epigenetic effects of benzene in hematologic neoplasms: the altered gene expression. Cancers 13(10):2392. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13102392
Stähelin PM, Valério A, Ulson SMDAG, da Silva A, Valle JAB, de Souza AAU (2018) Benzene and toluene removal from synthetic automotive gasoline by mono and bicomponent adsorption process. Fuel 231:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.169
Szulejko JE, Kim KH, Parise J (2019) Seeking the most powerful and practical real-world sorbents for gaseous benzene as a representative volatile organic compound based on performance metrics. Sep Purif Technol 212:980–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.001
Tiegam RFT, Tchuifon DRT, Santagata R, Nanssou PAK, Anagho SG, Ionel I, Ulgiati S (2021) Production of activated carbon from cocoa pods: Investigating benefits and environmental impacts through analytical chemistry techniques and life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod 288:125464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125464
Tran TH, Le HH, Pham TH, Nguyen DT, La DD, Chang SW, Lee SM, Chung WJ, Nguyen DD (2021) Comparative study on methylene blue adsorption behavior of coffee husk-derived activated carbon materials prepared using hydrothermal and soaking methods. J Environ Chem Eng 9(4):105362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105362
Tsai WT, Jiang TJ (2018) Mesoporous activated carbon produced from coconut shell using a single-step physical activation process. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 8:711–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0322-x
US EPA (1999) Determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air using active sampling onto sorbent tubes, compendium of methods for the determination of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, 2nd Edition Compendium Method TO-17, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Washington, DC
Valencia A, Muñiz-Valencia R, Ceballos-Magaña SG, Rojas-Mayorga CK, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, González J, Aguayo-Villarreal IA (2022) Cyclohexane and benzene separation by fixed-bed adsorption on activated carbons prepared from coconut shell. Environ Technol Innov 25:102076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.102076
Wei M, Yu Q, Mu T, Hou L, Zuo Z, Peng J (2016) Preparation and characterization of waste ion-exchange resin-based activated carbon for CO2 capture. Adsorption 22:385–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-016-9787-8
World Health Organization (2010) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
Xiang Z, Tang N, Jin X, Gao W (2022) Fabrications and applications of hemicellulose-based bio-adsorbents. Carbohydr Polym 278:118945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118945
Xue H, Wang X, Xu Q, Dhaouadi F, Sellaoui L, Seliem MK, Lamine AB, Belmabrouk H, Bajahzar A, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Li Z, Li Q (2022) Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution on activated carbons and composite prepared from an agricultural waste biomass: a comparative study by experimental and advanced modeling analysis. Chem Eng J 430:132801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132801
Yang X, Yi H, Tang X, Zhao S, Yang Z, Ma Y, Feng T, Cui X (2018) Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption-desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. J Environ Sci 67:104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.032
Yang R, Zhou J, Wu L, Ping S (2022) Fabrication of developed porous carbon derived from bluecoke powder by microwave-assisted KOH activation for simulative organic wastewater treatment. Diam Relat Mater 124:108929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.108929
Yao L, Chu B, Wang J, Wang M (2023) Atmospheric chemistry in the urban air. Front Environ Sci 11:266. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1166400
Yu Q, Zhao H, Zhao H, Sun S, Ji X, Li M, Wang Y (2019) Preparation of tobacco-stem activated carbon from using response surface methodology and its application for water vapor adsorption in solar drying system. Sol Energy 177:324–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.029
Zavala M, Brune WH, Velasco E, Retama A, Cruz-Alavez LA, Molina LT (2020) Changes in ozone production and VOC reactivity in the atmosphere of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Atmos Environ 238:117747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117747
Zhang X, Gao B, Creamer AE, Cao C, Li Y (2017) Adsorption of VOCs onto engineered carbon materials: a review. J Hazard Mater 338:102–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.013
Zhang R, Zeng L, Wang F, Li X, Li Z (2022) Influence of pore volume and surface area on benzene adsorption capacity of activated carbons in indoor environments. Build Environ 216:109011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109011
Zhao J, Yu L, Ma H, Zhou F, Yang K, Wu G (2020) Corn stalk-based activated carbon synthesized by a novel activation method for high-performance adsorption of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 578:650–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.031
Zhao Z, Pei Y, Zhao P, Wu C, Qu C, Li W, Zhao Y, Liu J (2022) Characterizing key volatile pollutants emitted from adhesives by chemical compositions, odor contributions and health risks. Molecules 27(3):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031125
Zhu L, Shen D, Luo KH (2020) A critical review on VOCs adsorption by different porous materials: species, mechanisms and modification methods. J Hazard Mater 389:122102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122102
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This study was entirely prepared by KI.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no competing interests.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Isinkaralar, K. Comparison of the gaseous benzene adsorption capacity by activated carbons from Fraxinus excelsior L. as a lignocellulosic residual. Chem. Pap. 77, 6111–6124 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02925-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-02925-x