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Salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled with reversed-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for sensitive HPLC determination of paraquat in environmental and food samples

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Abstract

In this study, salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method is coupled with reversed-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) as a novel method for the determination of paraquat in various samples. Firstly, paraquat was extracted from the aqueous phase into the acetonitrile and then it pre-concentrated into the aqueous phase using the RP-DLLME method. Influential parameters of SALLE such as extracting solvent, volume of extracting solvent, sample pH, salt and its concentration were optimized. Also, effective parameters of RP-DLLME including immiscible solvent and its volume, and water volume as extracting solvent were investigated. Under the optimized conditions recoveries and relative standard deviations were in the range of 80.0–96.0 and 3.5–7.5, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of method were 0.02 and 0.09 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method successfully was applied for the determination of paraquat in food and environmental samples.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Environmental Health Research Center of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (grant number: IR.MUK.1395.73) and Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 1980). Also, this study was financially supported by the Biotechnology Development Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran (grant No: 970503).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

    Marzieh Rashidipour, Afshin Maleki, Ebrahim Mohammadi & Behroz Davari

  2. Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 68149-89468, Khorramabad, Iran

    Rouhollah Heydari

  3. Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Behroz Davari

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  1. Marzieh Rashidipour
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Correspondence to Rouhollah Heydari or Behroz Davari.

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Rashidipour, M., Heydari, R., Maleki, A. et al. Salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled with reversed-phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for sensitive HPLC determination of paraquat in environmental and food samples. Food Measure 13, 269–276 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9941-y

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