Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Semi-automated salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography to determine three aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, a new device for semi-automated salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction was designed and coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine three aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. In order to evaluate the performance of the designed device, three aromatic hydrocarbons including 2-naphthol, naphthalene and anthracene were selected as model analytes. Sample solution, extraction solvent and salt solution using separate channels were transferred to a sample holder, respectively. These three components were mixed using a magnetic stirrer. After stirrer stopping, the aqueous and organic phases were separated and organic layer transferred to the injection loop of HPLC system. Optimization process was achieved using response surface methodology by Design-Expert software. A central composite design was used to optimize the main parameters including pH (A), stirrer time (B), organic solvent volume (C) and salt concentration (D). The limit of quantitation for 2-naphthol, naphthalene and anthracene was 15.0, 25.0 and 1.0 ng mL−1, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, obtained recoveries for three analytes were in the range of 76.0–96.2% with relative standard deviation less than 8.2%. The salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction method using the proposed device has been successfully used for the analysis of real samples containing studied analytes in various matrices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G. McMahon, Analytical Instrumentation: A Guide to Laboratory, Portable and Miniaturized Instruments (Wiley, Chichester, 2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Q. Weng, L. Fu, X. Li, R. An, J. Li, Anal. Chim. Acta 857, 46 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Andrade-Eiroa, R. Shahla, M.N. Romanías, P. Dagaut, RSC Adv. 4, 33636 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. F.S. Mirnaghi, M.R.N. Monton, J. Pawliszyn, J. Chromatogr. A 1246, 2 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. D. Vuckovic, J. Pawliszyn, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 50, 550 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Ke, W. Li, Y. Wang, X. Hao, R. Jiang, F. Zhu, G. Ouyang, Microchem. J. 117, 187 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Guo, R. Jiang, J. Pawliszyn, J. Chromatogr. A 1307, 66 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. L. Vallecillos, E. Pocurull, F. Borrull, Talanta 99, 824 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. I. Timofeeva, I. Khubaibullin, M. Kamencev, A. Moskvin, A. Bulatov, Talanta 133, 34 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. I. Šrámková, B. Horstkotte, P. Solich, H. Sklenárová, Anal. Chim. Acta 828, 53 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. I. Šrámková, P. Chocholouš, H. Sklenářová, D. Šatínský, Talanta 143, 132 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J.L. Goncalves, V.L. Alves, F.P. Rodrigues, J.A. Figueira, J.S. Câmara, J. Chromatogr. A 1304, 42 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. F. Nazari Serenjeh, P. Hashemi, M. Safdarian, Z. Kheirollahi, J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 11, 733 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A.N. Anthemidis, C. Mitani, P. Balkatzopoulou, P.D. Tzanavaras, Anal. Chim. Acta 733, 34 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. P. Berton, E.M. Martinis, R.G. Wuilloud, J. Hazard. Mater. 176, 721 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Esrafili, Y. Yamini, M. Ghambarian, S. Seidi, M. Moradi, Microchim. Acta 176, 367 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Esrafili, Y. Yamini, M. Ghambarian, B. Ebrahimpour, J. Chromatogr. A 1262, 27 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Rezaeepour, R. Heydari, A. Ismaili, Anal. Methods 7, 3253 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. A. Ismaili, R. Heydari, R. Rezaeepour, J. Sep. Sci. 39, 405 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Heydari, S. Zarabi, Anal. Methods 6, 8469 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Ma, Y. Li, H. Zhang, S.M. Shah, J. Chen, J. Chromatogr. A 1358, 14 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Koltsakidou, C.K. Zacharis, K. Fytianos, J. Chromatogr. A 1377, 46 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Y. Fan, S. Hu, S. Liu, J. Sep. Sci. 37, 3662 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. X. Xiong, L. Zhang, L. Cheng, W. Mao, Biomed. Chromatogr. 29, 1317 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Y. Yang, Q. Xu, L. Zhou, D. Zhong, X. Chen, J. Sep. Sci. 38, 1026 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. X. Xiong, L. Yang, Biomed. Chromatogr. 29, 268 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Gure, F.J. Lara, D. Moreno-González, N. Megersa, M. del Olmo-Iruela, A.M. García-Campaña, Talanta 127, 51 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Bustamante-Rangel, L. Pérez-Martín, M.M. Delgado-Zamarreño, Phytochem. Anal. 25, 170 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. H.H. Lim, H.S. Shin, Food Chem. 138, 791 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Haji Hosseini, M. Rezaee, H.A. Mashayekhi, S. Akbarian, F. Mizani, M.R. Pourjavid, J. Chromatogr. A 1265, 52 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. W.B. Wilson, U. Hewitt, M. Miller, A.D. Campiglia, J. Chromatogr. A 1345, 1 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J.L. Santos, I. Aparicio, E. Alonso, Anal. Chim. Acta 605, 102 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, P.O. Box 68149-89468, Iran

    Rouhollah Heydari & Reza Rezaeepour

  2. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

    Mohammad Hosseini

Authors
  1. Rouhollah Heydari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Hosseini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Reza Rezaeepour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rouhollah Heydari.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 515 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Heydari, R., Hosseini, M. & Rezaeepour, R. Semi-automated salt-assisted liquid–liquid extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography to determine three aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. J IRAN CHEM SOC 14, 1691–1698 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-017-1110-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-017-1110-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation