Abstract
The effect of titanium and aluminum contents on the formation and evolution of inclusions were investigated in Fe-17Cr-9Ni austenite stainless steel at 1873 K. Homogeneous spherical FeOy-CrOz-MnO-SiO2 was the main inclusion before titanium and aluminum were added. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that when the Al content exceeds 0.0085 wt pct and Ti content exceeds 0.036 wt pct, spherical FeOy-CrOz-MnO-SiO2 inclusions can be reduced to irregularly shaped Al2O3 and TiOx inclusions, respectively. The formation of TiN on the surface of Al-Ti-O inclusions can prevent the reduction of Al-Ti-O by Al or Ti. Moreover, the different formation mechanisms of Al-Ti-O inclusions and TiN are discussed. When Ti was added to reduce Al2O3, the added Ti initially caused the formation of Al-Ti-O inclusions and then reacted with N in the molten steel to form TiN. On the other hand, in the case of the addition of Al to reduce TiOx, the formed reduction products were Al-Ti-O inclusions and Ti dissolved in molten steel, the latter being an important source of Ti in the later formed TiN. The TiN found in the experimental samples is more likely to be formed in molten steel at a temperature of 1873 K than during cooling.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Pardo, M.C. Merino, A.E. Coy, F. Viejo, M. Carboneras and R. Arrabal: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 2239-51.
M. Haj, H. Mansouri, R. Vafaei, G.R. Ebrahimi and A. Kanani: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2013, vol. 20, pp. 529-34.
J.H. Park and H. Todoroki: ISIJ Int., 2010, vol. 50, pp. 1333-46.
L.J. Wang, Y.Q. Liu, Q. Wang and K.C. Chou: ISIJ Int., 2015, vol. 55, pp. 970-75.
H. Cui, Y.P. Bao, M. Wang and W.S. Wu: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2010, vol. 17, pp. 154-58.
L. Zhang and B.G. Thomas: ISIJ Int., 2003, vol. 43, pp. 271-91.
S.K. Choudhary and A.J. Khan: Steel Times Int., 2000, vol. 24, pp. 21-28.
F. Ruby-Meyer, J. Lehmann and H. Gaye: Scand. J. Meta., 2000, vol. 29, pp. 206-12.
J.J. Pak, J.O. Jo, S.I. Kim, W.Y. Kim, T.I. Chung, S.M. Seo, J.H. Park and D.S. Kim: ISIJ Int., 2007, vol. 47, pp. 16-24.
V. Moura, A.Y. Kina, S.S.M. Tavares, L.D. Lima and F.B. Mainier: J. Mater. Sci., 2008, vol. 43, pp. 536-40.
Y. Hiraga, Y. Yashima and K. Fujii: Taikabutsu Overseas, 1995, vol. 15, pp. 22-27.
S. Ogibayashi: Taikabutsu Overseas, 1995, vol. 15, pp. 3-14.
S. Basu, S.K. Choudhary and N.U. Girase: ISIJ Int., 2004, vol. 44, pp. 1653-60.
D.C. Park, I.H. Jung, P.C.H. Rhee and H.G. Lee: ISIJ Int., 2004, vol. 44, pp. 1669-78.
M.A. Van Ende, M. Guo, R. Dekkers, M. Burty, J. Van Dyck, P.T. Jones, B. Blanpain and P. Wollants: ISIJ Int., 2009, vol. 49, pp. 1133-40.
H. Matsuura, C. Wang, G. Wen and S. Sridhar: ISIJ Int., 2007, vol. 47, pp. 1265-74.
C. Wang, N.T. Nuhfer and S. Sridhar: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 1022-34.
C. Wang, N. Verma, Y. Kwon, W. Tiekink, N. Kikuchi and S. Sridhar: ISIJ Int., 2011, vol. 51, pp. 375-81.
C. Wang, N.T. Nuhfer and S. Sridhar: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 1084-94.
C. Wang, N.T. Nuhfer and S. Sridhar: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 1005-21.
M.K. Sun, I.H. Jung and H.G. Lee: Met. Mater. Int., 2008, vol. 14, pp. 791-98.
X. Yin, Y. Sun, Y. Yang, X. Deng, M. Barati and A. McLean: Ironmak. Steelmak., 2017, vol. 44(2):152-58.
J.L. Guo, Y.P. Bao and M. Wang: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2017, vol. 24, pp. 1370-78.
W. Zheng, Z.H. Wu, G.Q. Li, Z. Zhang and C.Y. Zhu: ISIJ Int., 2014, vol. 54, pp. 1755-64.
Y. Hao, G. Cheng and Q. Ma: Metall. Res. Technol., 2017, vol. 114, pp. 603-10.
E. Zinngrebe, C. Van Hoek, H. Visser, A. Westendorp and I.H. Jung: ISIJ Int., 2012, vol. 52, pp. 52-61.
W.C. Doo, D.Y. Kim, S.C. Kang and K.W. Yi: Met. Mater. Int., 2007, vol. 13, pp. 249-55.
X. Yin, Y. Sun, Y. Yang, X. Bai, M. Barati and A. Mclean: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2016, vol. 47, pp. 3274-84.
C.W. Seo, S.H. Kim, S.K. Jo, M.O. Suk and S.M. Byun: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 790-97.
J. Li, G. Cheng, Q. Ruan, J. Pan, X. Chen: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2018, vol. 49, pp. 2357-69.
Y. Kang and J. Lee: ISIJ Int., 2017, vol. 57, pp. 1665-67.
Y. Kang and J. Lee: ISIJ Int., 2017, vol. 57, pp. 2269-69.
J.H. Park, S. Lee and H. Gaye: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2008, vol. 39, pp. 853-61.
J.C. Zheng, C. Pan, C.W. Cui, P. Lin and X.J. Hu: Chin. J. Eng., 2018, vol. 40, pp. 77-84.
J.H. Park: CALPHAD, 2011, vol. 35, pp. 455-62.
M.H. Lee and J.H. Park: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2018, vol. 49, pp. 877-93.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the financial support from the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy at University of Science and Technology Beijing and Ruipu Technology Group Company.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted January 17, 2020.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pan, C., Hu, X., Lin, P. et al. Effects of Ti and Al addition on the Formation and Evolution of Inclusions in Fe-17Cr-9Ni Austenite Stainless Steel. Metall Mater Trans B 51, 3039–3050 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01968-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01968-9