Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hot compression deformation behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel

  • Published:
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The hot compression behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel was studied at the temperatures of 950–1100°C and the strain rates of 0.01–1 s−1 using a Baehr DIL-805 deformation dilatometer. The hot deformation equations and the relationship between hot deformation parameters were obtained. It is found that strain rate and deformation temperature significantly influence the flow stress behavior of the steel. The work hardening rate and the peak value of flow stress increase with the decrease of deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate. In addition, the activation energy of deformation (Q) is calculated as 433.343 kJ/mol. The microstructural evolution during deformation indicates that, at the temperature of 950°C and the strain rate of 0.01 s−1, small circle-like precipitates form along grain boundaries; but at the temperatures above 950°C, the dissolution of such precipitates occurs. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses indicate that the precipitates are complex carbides of Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D. Peckner and I.M. Bernstein, Handbook of Stainless Steels, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977, p. 48.

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. Chabaud-Reytier, L. Allais, C. Caes, P. Dubuisson, and A. Pineau, Mechanisms of stress relief cracking in titanium stabilised austenitic stainless steel, J. Nucl. Mater., 323(2003), p. 123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. K.S. Min, K.J. Kim, and S.W. Nam, Investigation of the effect of the types and densities of grain boundary carbides on grain boundary cavitation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel under creep-fatigue interaction, J. Alloys Compd., 370(2004), p. 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. K.S. Guan, X.D. Xu, Y.Y. Zhang, and Z.W. Wang, Cracks and precipitate phases in 321 stainless steel weld of flue gas pipe, Eng. Failure Anal., 12(2005), p. 623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Pardo, M.C. Merino, A.E. Coy, F. Viejo, M. Carboneras, and R. Arrabal, Influence of Ti, C and N concentration on the intergranular corrosion behaviour of AISI 316Ti and 321 stainless steels, Acta Mater., 55(2007), p. 2239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. W.H. Zhang, J.L. Wu, Y.H. Wen, J.J. Ye, and N. Li, Characterization of different work hardening behavior in AISI 321 stainless steel and hadfield steel, J. Mater. Sci., 45(2010), p. 3433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. K.S. Guan, X.D. Xu, H. Xu, and Z.W. Wang, Effect of aging at 700°C on precipitation and toughness of AISI 321 and AISI 347 austenitic stainless steel welds, Nucl. Eng. Des., 235(2005), p. 2485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. R.C. de Sousa, J.C. Cardoso Filho, A.A. Tanaka, A.C.S. de Oliveira, and W.E.I. Ferreira, Effects of solution heat treatment on grain growth and degree of sensitization of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel, J. Mater. Sci., 41(2006), No. 8, p. 2381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. V. Moura, A.Y. Kina, S.S.M. Tavares, L.D. Lima, and F.B. Mainier, Influence of stabilization heat treatments on microstructure, hardness and intergranular corrosion resistance of the AISI 321 stainless steel, J. Mater. Sci., 43(2008), p. 536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. K.D. Nair, Structure and strength during hot working of an austenitic steel, Metallography, 4(1971), p. 375.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. L. Havela, P. Kratochvíl, P. Lukáč, B. Smola, and A. Svobodov á, Softening during and after the hot deformation of the AISI 321 steel with respect to practical applications, Czech. J. Phys. B, 38(1988), p. 384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. E.I. Poliak and J.J. Jonas, Initiation of dynamic recrystallization in constant strain rate hot deformation, ISIJ Int., 43(2003), No. 5, p. 684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Herbertz and H. Wiegels, A method of performing the frictionless cylinder upsetting test for plotting stress-strain curves, Stahl Eisen., 101(1981), p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  14. H. Mirzadeh, A. Najafizadeh, and M. Moazeny, Flow curve analysis of 17-4 PH stainless steel under hot compression test, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 40(2009), p. 2950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Ebrahimi and A. Najafizadeh, A new method for evaluation of friction in bulk metal forming, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 152(2004), p. 136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Mirzadeh and A. Najafizadeh, Extrapolation of flow curves at hot working conditions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), No. 7–8, p. 1856.

    Google Scholar 

  17. A. Najafizadeh and J.J. Jonas, Predicting the critical stress for initiation of dynamic recrystallization, ISIJ Int., 46(2006), No. 11, p. 1679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. A. Momeni, K. Dehghani, H. Keshmiri, and G.R. Ebrahimi, Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of a superaustenitic stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 527(2010), p. 1605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. D.N. Zou, Y. Han, D.N. Yan, D. Wang, W. Zhang, and G.W. Fan, Hot workability of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 supermartensitic stainless steel, Mater. Des., 32(2011), p. 4443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. Zener and J.H. Hollom, Effect of strain rate upon plastic flow of steel, J. Appl. Phys., 15(1944), p. 22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Cingara and H.J. McQueen, New method for determining sinh constitutive constants for high temperature deformation of 300 austenitic steels, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 36(1992), p. 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. H.J. McQueen and N.D. Ryan, Constitutive analysis in hot working, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 322(2002), p. 43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Y.C. Lin, M.S. Chen, and J. Zhong, Constitutive modeling for elevated temperature flow behavior of 42CrMo steel, Comput. Mater. Sci., 42(2008), p. 470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Mandal, V. Rakesh, P.V. Sivaprasad, S. Venugopal, and K.V. Kasiviswanathan, Constitutive equations to predict high temperature flow stress in a Ti-modified austenitic stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 500(2009), p. 114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Isfahan, Shahin-shahr, 83145-115, Iran

    Mehdi Haj, Hojjatollah Mansouri, Reza Vafaei & Ali Kanani

  2. Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 9617976487, Iran

    Golam Reza Ebrahimi

Authors
  1. Mehdi Haj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hojjatollah Mansouri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Reza Vafaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Golam Reza Ebrahimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ali Kanani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mehdi Haj.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Haj, M., Mansouri, H., Vafaei, R. et al. Hot compression deformation behavior of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel. Int J Miner Metall Mater 20, 529–534 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0761-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-013-0761-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation