Abstract
The effect of hot rolling and austenite revert transformation (ART) on the microstructure development and mechanical properties for a series of newly developed manganese steels with small carbon and/or boron content was investigated in this study. The cast steels were hot rolled, ART annealed and subjected to tensile testings after each step. The carbon-bearing alloy revealed a significant combination of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (El. pct) with 1.1 GPa and 42 pct values, respectively. The boron-bearing alloy exhibited a UTS of 760 MPa having 30 pct elongation. Moreover, the carbon and boron alloyed steel had a fully martensitic structure with a UTS of 1.4 GPa and a negligible elongation. X-ray diffraction, SEM and electron backscatter diffraction analyses were used to rationalize the mechanical behaviour of the developed alloys. The higher ductility values for the boron alloyed and carbon alloyed steels were attributed to the presence of the austenite phase in conjunction with α′- and ε-martensite and the transformation-induced martensite during the tensile loadings. The ART annealing at 290 °C, 450 °C and 510 °C increased the austenite fraction in the final microstructure of the boron alloyed and carbon alloyed steels but had an insignificant influence on the boron and carbon alloyed steels. It was concluded that the α′ → γ transformation occurring at higher ART annealing temperature is the dominant factor for the improved mechanical properties in the developed alloys.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kumar Roy T, Bhattacharya B, Ghosh C, Ajmani SK (eds) (2018) Advanced High Strength Steel Processing and Applications. Springer, Singapore
Demeri MY (2013) Advanced High-Strength Steels: Science, Technology, and Applications. ASM International, Materials Park
Song H, Sohn SS, Kwak JH, Lee BJ, Lee S (2016) Metall Mater Trans A 47A:2674–85
S. Ying, H. Dong, X. Zhang, W. Yu, F. Ma, and F. Zhao: in Proc. FISITA 2012 World Automot. Congr., Springer, Berlin, 2013, pp. 933–47.
De Cooman BC (2017) Automotive Steels. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 317–85
6 B. Sun, F. Fazeli, C. Scott, N. Brodusch, R. Gauvin, and S. Yue: Acta Mater., 2018, vol. 148, pp. 249–62.
7 F. Huyan, J.-Y. Yan, L. Höglund, J. Ågren, and A. Borgenstam: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2018, vol. 49, pp. 1053–60.
8 Y.-K. Lee and J. Han: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, vol. 31, pp. 843–56.
9 J. Zhao and Z. Jiang: Prog. Mater. Sci., 2018, vol. 94, pp. 174–242.
10 Z.P. Hu, Y.B. Xu, Y. Zou, R.D.K. Misra, D.T. Han, S.Q. Chen, and D.Y. Hou: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, vol. 720, pp. 1–10.
11 S.S.S.-J. Lee, S.S.S.-J. Lee, and B.C. De Cooman: Scr. Mater., 2011, vol. 64, pp. 649–52.
B. Hu, H. Luo, F. Yang, and H. Dong: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, vol. 33, pp. 1457–64.
13 H. Aydin, E. Essadiqi, I.-H. Jung, and S. Yue: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, vol. 564, pp. 501–8.
14 D. Raabe, D. Ponge, O. Dmitrieva, and B. Sander: Scr. Mater., 2009, vol. 60, pp. 1141–4.
15 S.G. Hashemi and B. Eghbali: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, vol. 705, pp. 32–41.
16 S. Qin, Y. Liu, Q. Hao, Y. Wang, N. Chen, X. Zuo, and Y. Rong: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 663, pp. 151–6.
17 C.-Y. Lee, J. Jeong, J. Han, S.-J. Lee, S. Lee, and Y.-K. Lee: Acta Mater., 2015, vol. 84, pp. 1–8.
18 K. Li, V.S.Y. Injeti, R.D.K. Misra, Z.H. Cai, and H. Ding: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, vol. 711, pp. 515–23.
19 D.Q. Zou, S.H. Li, J. He, B. Gu, and Y.F. Li: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, vol. 715, pp. 243–56.
20 Y. Li, W. Li, W. Liu, X. Wang, X. Hua, H. Liu, and X. Jin: Acta Mater., 2018, vol. 146, pp. 126–41.
21 G.A. Thomas and J.G. Speer: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 30, pp. 998–1007.
22 M. Askari-Paykani, H.R. Shahverdi, R. Miresmaeili, and H. Beladi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, vol. 715, pp. 214–25.
23 M. Askari-Paykani, H.R. Shahverdi, and R. Miresmaeili: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 668, pp. 188–200.
24 M. Askari-Paykani, H.R. Shahverdi, and R. Miresmaeili: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, vol. 238, pp. 383–94.
25 M. Askari-Paykani, H.R. Shahverdi, and R. Miresmaeili: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2016, vol. 47, pp. 5423–37.
26 M. Askari-Paykani, H.R. Shahverdi, R. Miresmaeili, and H. Beladi: Mater. Charact., 2017, vol. 130, pp. 64–73.
27 K. Kumar, A. Pooleery, K. Madhusoodanan, R.N. Singh, J.K. Chakravartty, B.K. Dutta, and R.K. Sinha: Procedia Eng., 2014, vol. 86, pp. 899–909.
De Cooman BC, Lee SJ, Shin S, Seo EJ, Speer JG (2017) Metall Mater Trans A 48A:39–45
Field DM, Van Aken DC (2018) Metall Mater Trans A 49A:1152–66
30 F. Yang, H. Luo, E. Pu, S. Zhang, and H. Dong: Int. J. Plast., 2018, vol. 103, pp. 188–202.
31 Z.H. Cai, H. Ding, R.D.K. Misra, and S.Q. Qiguan: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 652, pp. 205–11.
32 Z.C. Li, R.D.K. Misra, Z.H. Cai, H.X. Li, and H. Ding: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 673, pp. 63–72.
33 X. Ren, H. Fu, J. Xing, Y. Yang, and S. Tang: J. Mater. Res., 2017, vol. 32, pp. 3078–88.
34 Z. Lv, H. Fu, J. Xing, S. Ma, and Y. Hu: J. Alloys Compd., 2016, vol. 662, pp. 54–62.
35 L. León-Reina, M. García-Maté, G. Álvarez-Pinazo, I. Santacruz, O. Vallcorba, A.G. De la Torre, and M.A.G. Aranda: J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2016, vol. 49, pp. 722–35.
36 S. Morito, Y. Adachi, and T. Ohba: Mater. Trans., 2009, vol. 50, pp. 1919–23.
37 X. Zhang, G. Miyamoto, Y. Toji, S. Nambu, T. Koseki, and T. Furuhara: Acta Mater., 2018, vol. 144, pp. 601–12.
38 S. Morito, Y. Edamatsu, K. Ichinotani, T. Ohba, T. Hayashi, Y. Adachi, T. Furuhara, G. Miyamoto, and N. Takayama: J. Alloys Compd., 2013, vol. 577, pp. S587–92.
Morito S, Tanaka H, Konishi R, Furuhara T, Maki T (2003) Acta Mater 51:1789–99
Zhou T, Prasath Babu R, Odqvist J, Yu H, Hedström P (2018) Mater Des 143:141–49
41 S. Takaki, M. Fujioka, S. Aihara, Y. Nagataki, T. Yamashita, N. Sano, Y. Adachi, M. Nomura, and H. Yaguchi: Mater. Trans., 2004, vol. 45, pp. 2239–44.
42 D.T. Pierce, J.A. Jiménez, J. Bentley, D. Raabe, and J.E. Wittig: Acta Mater., 2015, vol. 100, pp. 178–90.
Y. Lu: Effect of Boron on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Microalloyed Steels. Masters’ Thesis, McGill University, 2007.
44 E. Farabi, P.D. Hodgson, G.S. Rohrer, and H. Beladi: Acta Mater., 2018, vol. 154, pp. 147–60.
45 P. Zhang, Y. Chen, W. Xiao, D. Ping, and X. Zhao: Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int., 2016, vol. 26, pp. 169–72.
46 G. Krauss: Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, ASM International, Ohio, USA, 2005.
Xiang C, Liu Z, Chen X, Li Y, Hu K (2009) J Iron Steel Res Int 16:37–54
48 P.E. Busby, M.E. Warga, and C. Wells: JOM, 1953, vol. 5, pp. 1463–8.
49 S.N. Ghali, H.S. El-faramawy, and M.M. Eissa: J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., 2012, vol. 11, pp. 995–9.
50 C. Zhao, W.Q. Cao, C. Zhang, Z.G. Yang, H. Dong, and Y.Q. Weng: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, vol. 30, pp. 791–9.
Matlock DK, Speer JG, Haldar A, Suwas S, Bhattacharjee D (2009) In: Haldar A, Suwas S, Bhattacharjee D (eds) Microstructure and Texture in Steels. Springer, London, pp. 185–205
52 Z.C. Li, H. Ding, R.D.K. Misra, and Z.H. Cai: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, vol. 682, pp. 211–9.
53 X. Li, L. Chen, Y. Zhao, R. Devesh, K. Misra, and R.D.K. Misra: Mater. Des., 2018, vol. 142, pp. 190–202.
54 Q. Li, X. Huang, and W. Huang: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, vol. 662, pp. 129–35.
55 J. Lu, L. Hultman, E. Holmström, K.H. Antonsson, M. Grehk, W. Li, L. Vitos, and A. Golpayegani: Acta Mater., 2016, vol. 111, pp. 39–46.
56 S. Allain, J.-P. Chateau, O. Bouaziz, S. Migot, and N. Guelton: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, vol. 387–389, pp. 158–62.
57 O. Bouaziz, S. Allain, C.P. Scott, P. Cugy, and D. Barbier: Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 2011, vol. 15, pp. 141–68.
58 M. Moallemi, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, and A. Mirzaei: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, vol. 24, pp. 2335–40.
Gupta A, Bhargava AK, Tewari R, Tiwari AN (2013) Metall Mater Trans A 44A:4248–56
60 H. Baker, ed.: ASM Handbook, Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol. 3, ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1992.
61 W. Cao, C. Wang, C. Wang, J. Shi, M. Wang, H. Dong, and Y. Weng: Sci. China Technol. Sci., 2012, vol. 55, pp. 1814–22.
De Cooman BC (2017) In: Rana R, Singh SB (eds) Automotive Steels. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp. 317–85
63 L. Bracke, L. Kestens, and J. Penning: Scr. Mater., 2007, vol. 57, pp. 385–8.
64 G.B. Olson and M. Cohen: J. Less Common Met., 1972, vol. 28, pp. 107–18.
65 N. Nakada, T. Tsuchiyama, S. Takaki, and N. Miyano: ISIJ Int., 2011, vol. 51, pp. 299–304.
66 P. Dastur, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, M.H. Pishbin, M. Moallemi, and H.R. Abedi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, vol. 696, pp. 511–9.
67 S.S.F. de Dafé, F.L. Sicupira, F.C.S. Matos, N.S. Cruz, D.R. Moreira, and D.B. Santos: Mater. Res., 2013, vol. 16, pp. 1229–36.
68 F. Fazeli, N. Vanderesse, M. Jahazi, S. Yue, C. Scott, J. Chen, B. Sun, and P. Bocher: Scr. Mater., 2017, vol. 133, pp. 9–13.
69 L. Fu, M. Shan, D. Zhang, H. Wang, W. Wang, and A. Shan: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, vol. 48, pp. 2179–92.
70 K. Tomimura, S. Takaki, Y. Tokunaga, and A. Stainless: ISIJ Int., 1991, vol. 31, pp. 1431–7.
71 H. Lee, M.C. Jo, S.S. Sohn, A. Zargaran, J.H. Ryu, N.J. Kim, S. Lee, M. Chul, S. Su, A. Zargaran, J. Hyun, N.J. Kim, and S. Lee: Acta Mater., 2018, vol. 147, pp. 247–60.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the Postdoctoral Grants of Tarbiat Modares University (96037203), Iranian National Elite Foundation, and funding from Nano Structured Advanced Materials Technologies Development Co. (NAMAD-1396) for an Advanced High-Strength Steel Innovation Project. Deakin University’s Advanced Characterization Facility is acknowledged for use of the EBSD instruments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted November 21, 2018.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Emami, M., Askari-Paykani, M., Farabi, E. et al. Development of New Third-Generation Medium Manganese Advanced High-Strength Steels Elaborating Hot-Rolling and Intercritical Annealing. Metall Mater Trans A 50, 4261–4274 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05352-4
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05352-4