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Myco- and phyco-remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment: a review

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Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic organic compounds and pose serious threats to environment and public health. PCBs still exist in different environments such as air, water, soil, and sediments even on ban. This review summarizes the phyco- and myco-remediation technologies developed to detoxify the PCB-polluted sites. It was found that algae mostly use bioaccumulation to biodegradation strategies to reclaim the environment. As bio-accumulator, Ulva rigida C. Agardh has been best at 25 ng/g dry wt to remove PCBs. Evidently, Anabaena PD-1 is the only known PCB degrading alga and efficiently degrade Aroclor 1254 and dioxin-like PCBs up to 84.4% and 37.4% to 68.4%, respectively. The review suggested that factors such as choice of algal strains, response of microalgae, biomass, the rate of growth, and cost-effective cultivation conditions significantly influence the remediation of PCBs. Furthermore, the Anabaena sp. linA gene of Pseudomonas paucimobilis Holmes UT26 showed enhanced efficiency. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm is the most efficient PCB degrading fungus, degrading up to 98.4% and 99.6% of PCB in complex and mineral media, respectively. Combine metabolic activities of bacteria and yeast led to the higher detoxification of PCBs. Fungi-algae consortia would be a promising approach in remediation of PCBs. A critical analysis on potentials and limits of PCB treatment through fungal and algal biosystems have been reviewed, and thus, new insights have emerged for possible bioremediation, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation of PCBs.

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This is a review paper and based on the previous published papers. Table data was generated based on the papers cited and used in the review papers. Figures were redrawn and properly acknowledged.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan NRPU projects 7958 and 7964. Thanks are due to Pakistan Science Foundation project PSF/Res/CP/C-CUI/Envr (151) for providing the funding. Furthermore, thanks are due to Pakistan Academy of Sciences project 3–9/PAS/98 for funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Kaleem, Abdul Samad Mumtaz, Farooq Inam, Rooma Waqar & Amber Jabeen

  2. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

  3. Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Aamer Saeed

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  1. Muhammad Kaleem
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  2. Abdul Samad Mumtaz
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  3. Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
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  6. Rooma Waqar
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  7. Amber Jabeen
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Contributions

Muhammad Kaleem wrote the paper, Abdul Samad Mumtaz supervised and revised the work, and Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi developed the idea and supervised, wrote, and revised the work. Lubna Anjum Minhas draw the figure and structural formulas of PCBs and wrote some part of the paper. Aamer Saeed, Farooq Inam, Rooma Waqar, and Amber Jabeen revised the paper.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi.

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Kaleem, M., Mumtaz, A.S., Hashmi, M.Z. et al. Myco- and phyco-remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 13994–14007 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24902-9

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