Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing of pathogenic bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from a less polluted environment of permafrost can help understand the intrinsic resistome of both antibiotics and metals. This study aimed to examine the maximum minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both antibiotics and metals, as well as antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes annotated from whole-genome sequences. The permafrost S. maltophilia was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin, and resistant to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cr6+, with a lower maximum MIC, compared with clinical S. maltophilia. The former strain belonged to the lower antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) and metal resistance gene (MRG) clusters compared with the latter ones. The permafrost strain contained no or only one kind of ARG or MRG on a single genomic island, which explained the aforementioned lower maximum MIC and less diversity of ARGs or MRGs. The result indicated that the co-occurrence of antibiotic and metal resistance was due to a certain innate ability of S. maltophilia. The continuous human use of antibiotics or metals induced selective pressure, resulting in higher MIC and more diverse ARGs and MRGs in human-impacted environments.
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Data availability
The data are available at NCBI: PRJNA504495.
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Funding
We thank the Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province (No. 222102320010) for financial support, the Program for Science & Technology Innovative Research Team in University of Henan Province (21IRTSTHN025), and the Program of Ecological Conservation and High-quality Development of the Old Course of Yellow River (2021KYFZ06) for instrument supply.
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SHZ, GLY, YLJ were equally contributed to all stages of preparing, drafting, writing this manuscript. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work during different preparation stages. All authors read, revised, and approved the final version of this manuscript.
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11356_2022_22888_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file1 Table S1 ARGs recovered from permafrost Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in our study and their identities. (XLSX 10 KB)
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Supplementary file2 Table S2 MRGs recovered from permafrost Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in our study and their identities. (XLSX 11 KB)
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Supplementary file3 Table S3 Annotated resistance genes in genomic islands from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (XLSX 949 KB)
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Supplementary file4 Table S4 The maximum MIC for antibiotics and metals of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from different environments. (DOCX 18 KB)
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Supplementary file5 Table S5 Comparison of ARGs from our permafrost Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. (XLSX 17 KB)
11356_2022_22888_MOESM6_ESM.xlsx
Supplementary file6 Table S6 Comparison of MRGs from our permafrost Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. (XLSX 11 KB)
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Zhang, S., Yang, G. & Jiang, Y. Antibiotic and metal resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from Eboling permafrost of the Tibetan Plateau. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 11798–11810 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22888-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22888-y