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The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas: biological, clinical and therapeutical implications

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Abstract

The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas (PAs) includes a range of non-tumoral cells, such as immune and stromal cells, as well as cell signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which surround pituitary tumor cells and may modulate tumor initiation, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and other tumorigenic processes. The microenvironment of PAs has been actively investigated over the last years, with several immune and stromal cell populations, as well as different cytokines, chemokines and growth factors being recently characterized in PAs. Moreover, key microenvironment-related genes as well as immune-related molecules and pathways have been investigated, with immune check point regulators emerging as promising targets for immunotherapy. Understanding the microenvironment of PAs will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the complex biology of PAs, as well as will provide developments in terms of diagnosis, clinical management and ultimately treatment of patients with aggressive and/or refractory PAs.

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Funding

P.M. is supported by the Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation (NETRF).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Endocrinology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal

    Pedro Marques, Ana Luísa Silva & Maria João Bugalho

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal

    Ana Luísa Silva & Maria João Bugalho

  3. Pathology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal

    Dolores López-Presa

  4. Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal

    Cláudia Faria

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  1. Pedro Marques
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  2. Ana Luísa Silva
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  3. Dolores López-Presa
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  4. Cláudia Faria
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  5. Maria João Bugalho
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PM, ALS, DL-P, CF and MJB contributed for the literature search, data analysis, as well as for writing the manuscript and revising the final work.

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Correspondence to Pedro Marques.

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Marques, P., Silva, A.L., López-Presa, D. et al. The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas: biological, clinical and therapeutical implications. Pituitary 25, 363–382 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-022-01211-5

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