Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current Thoughts on Reactive Element Effects in Alumina-Forming Systems: In Memory of John Stringer

  • Review
  • Published:
Oxidation of Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In memory of John Stringer (1934–2014), one of the leaders in studying the reactive element (RE) effects, this paper reviews the current status of understanding of the effect of RE dopants on high-temperature oxidation behavior, with an emphasis on recent research related to deploying alumina-forming alloys and coatings with optimal performance in commercial systems. In addition to the well-known interaction between indigenous sulfur and RE additions, effects have been observed with C, N, and O found in commercial alloys and coatings. While there are many similarities between alumina-forming alloys and coatings, the latter bring additional complicating factors such as the effects of O incorporation during thermal spraying MCrAlY coatings, coating roughness, and heat treatments that must be considered in optimizing the beneficial dopant addition. Analogies can be seen between RE effects in alloys and in the substrates beneath diffusion M–Al coatings. Recently, there has been more interest in the influence of mixed oxidant environments, since these may modify the manifestation of the RE effect. Finally, some thoughts are provided on optimizing the RE benefit and modeling oxidation of RE-doped alloys.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 36

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. Stringer, B. A. Wilcox and R. I. Jaffee, Oxidation of Metals 5, 1972 (11).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Stringer and I. G. Wright, Oxidation of Metals 5, 1972 (59).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. I. M. Allam, D. P. Whittle and J. Stringer, Oxidation of Metals 12, 1978 (35).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. D. P. Whittle and J. Stringer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Serial A 295, 1980 (309).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. P. Y. Hou and J. Stringer, Materials Science and Engineering 87, 1987 (295).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Stringer, Materials Science and Engineering A 120, 1989 (129).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Y. Hou and J. Stringer, Oxidation of Metals 38, 1992 (323).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P. Y. Hou, Z. R. Shui, G. Y. Chuang and J. Stringer, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 139, 1992 (1119).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. P. Y. Hou and J. Stringer, Materials Science and Engineering A 202, 1995 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Stringer, Acta Metallurgica 8, 1960 (758).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Stringer, Corrosion Science 10, 1970 (513).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Stringer, Werk. Korr. 9, 1972 (747).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Stringer, Annual Review of Materials Science 7, 1977 (477).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Stringer, Materials Science and Technology 3, 1987 (482).

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. Stringer, Surface and Coatings Technology 108–109, 1998 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Stringer and I. G. Wright, Materials Science Forum 369–372, 2001 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. I. M. Rehn, W. R. Apblett and J. Stringer, Materials Performance 20, (6), 1981 (27).

    Google Scholar 

  18. F. H. Stott, G. C. Wood and J. Stringer, Oxidation of Metals 44, 1995 (113).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Stringer and L. A. Ruth, Materials at High Temperatures 20, 2003 (233).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Stringer, Materials Research 7, (1), 2004 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Amin and J. Stringer, MRS Bulletin 33, 2008 (399).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. I. G. Wright, Personal communication (2016).

  23. W. T. Griffiths and L. B. Pfeil, Improvements in Heat Resistant Alloys. U.K. Patent no. 459848 (1937).

  24. L. B. Pfeil, Improvements Relating to Heat Resisting Alloys Containing Chromium. U.K. Patent No. 574088 (1945).

  25. S. Chevalier, Materials and Corrosion 65, 2014 (109).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. B. Pint, Progress in understanding the reactive element effect since the Whittle and Stringer literature review, in Proceedings of the John Stringer Symposium on High Temperature Corrosion, 5–8 Nov. 2001, (ASM International, Indianapolis, 2003), pp. 9–19.

  27. B. A. Pint, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 86, (4), 2003 (686).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. B. A. Pint, Oxidation of Metals 45, 1996 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. G. M. Ecer and G. H. Meier, Oxidation of Metals 13, 1979 (159).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. B. A. Pint, J. Leibowitz and J. H. DeVan, Oxidation of Metals 51, 1999 (181).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. B. A. Pint and K. B. Alexander, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 145, 1998 (1819).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Yoshida, Y. Ikuhara and T. Sakuma, Acta Materialia 50, 2002 (2955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. B. A. Pint and K. L. More, Journal of Materials Science 44, 2009 (1676).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. K. A. Unocic, C. M. Parish and B. A. Pint, Surface and Coatings Technology 206, 2011 (1522).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. C. M. Cotell, G. J. Yurek, R. J. Hussey, D. F. Mitchell, and M. J. Graham, Oxidation of Metals 34, 173 & 201 (1990).

  36. W. J. Quadakkers, H. Holzbrecher, K. G. Briefs and H. Beske, Oxidation of Metals 32, 1989 (67).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. J. A. Nychka and D. R. Clarke, Oxidation of Metals 63, 2005 (325).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. K. P. R. Reddy, J. L. Smialek and A. R. Cooper, Oxidation of Metals 17, 1982 (429).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. B. A. Pint, J. R. Martin and L. W. Hobbs, Oxidation of Metals 39, 1993 (167).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. E. Wessel, V. Kochubey, D. Naumenko, L. Niewolak, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Scripta Materialia 51, (10), 2004 (987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Karadge, X. Zhao, M. Preuss and P. Xiao, Scripta Materialia 54, 2006 (639).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. D. J. Prior, H. Al-Badairy, G. G. E. Seward, C. J. Veltkamp and G. J. Tatlock, Materials Science and Technology 22, 2006 (1316).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. B. A. Pint, I. G. Wright, W. Y. Lee, Y. Zhang, K. Prüßner and K. B. Alexander, Materials Science and Engineering A 245, 1998 (201).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. B. A. Pint, K. L. More, P. F. Tortorelli, W. D. Porter and I. G. Wright, Materials Science Forum 369–372, 2001 (411).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. J. A. Haynes, B. A. Pint, K. L. More, Y. Zhang and I. G. Wright, Oxidation of Metals 58, 2002 (513).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. B. A. Pint, K. L. More and I. G. Wright, Oxidation of Metals 59, 2003 (257).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. B. A. Pint, K. L. More and I. G. Wright, Materials at High Temperature 20, 2003 (375).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. B. A. Pint, Surface and Coatings Technology 188–9, 2004 (71).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. T. Izumi and B. Gleeson, Materials Science Forum 522–523, 2005 (221).

    Google Scholar 

  50. A. H. Heuer, D. B. Hovis, J. L. Smialek and B. Gleeson, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94, (1), 2011 (146).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. A. H. Heuer, T. Nakagawa, M. Z. Azar, D. B. Hovis, J. L. Smialek, B. Gleeson, N. D. M. Hine, H. Guhl, H.-S. Lee, P. Tangney, W. M. C. Foulkes and M. W. Finnis, Acta Materialia 61, 2013 (6670).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. T. Matsudaira, M. Wada, T. Saitoh and S. Kitaoka, Acta Materialia 59, (14), 2011 (5440).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Y. Ikeda, K. Nii and K. Yoshihara, Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 24, 1983 (207).

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. G. Smeggil, A. W. Finkenbusch and N. S. Bornstein, Metallurgical Transactions 17A, 1986 (923).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. J. L. Smialek, D. T. Jayne, J. C. Schaeffer and W. H. Murphy, Thin Solid Films 253, 1994 (285).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. P. Y. Hou, Annual Review of Materials Research 38, 2008 (275).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. V. K. Tolpygo and H. J. Grabke, Scripta Materialia 38, 1997 (123).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. J. L. Smialek, Oxidation of Metals 55, 2001 (75).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. D. G. Lees, Oxidation of Metals 27, 1987 (75).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. P. Y. Hou, Oxidation of Metals 52, 1999 (337).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. B. A. Pint, J. R. DiStefano and I. G. Wright, Materials Science and Engineering A 415, 2006 (255).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. N. S. Bornstein, M. A. DeCrescente and J. G. Smeggil, Materials Science and Engineering 120, 1989 (175).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. D. R. Sigler, Oxidation of Metals 32, 1989 (337).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. F. A. Golightly, F. H. Stott and G. C. Wood, Oxidation of Metals 10, 1976 (163).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. B. A. Pint, Oxidation of Metals 48, 1997 (303).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. W. J. Quadakkers, Werkstoffe und Korrosion 41, 1990 (659).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. J. E. Antill and K. A. Peakall, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 205, 1967 (1136).

    Google Scholar 

  68. B. W. Veal, A. P. Paulikas, B. Gleeson and P. Y. Hou, Surface and Coatings Technology 202, 2007 (608).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. J. Cho, C. M. Wang, H. M. Chan, J. M. Rickman and M. P. Harmer, Acta Materialia 47, 1999 (4197).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. W. J. Quadakkers and M. J. Bennett, Materials Science and Technology 10, 1994 (126).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. H. Echsler, E. Alija Martinez, W. J. Quadakkers, and L. Singheiser, Materials Science and Engineering 384, 2004 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. B. A. Pint, unpublished.

  73. K. A. Gschneider, Jr., Rare Earth Alloys, (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 1961), p. 186. (Equi Diagram, Magnetism; Review).

  74. A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz and B. Dubiel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 64, 1997 (53).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. H. Cama and T. A. Hughes, in Materials for Advanced Power Engineering, Liege, 3–6.11.1994, eds. D. Coutsouradis, J. H. Davidson, J. Ewald, P. Greenfield, T. Khan, M. Malik, D. B. Meadowcroft, V. Regis, R. B. Scarlin, F. Schubert, and D. V. Thornton, (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994), pp. 1497–1506.

  76. H. E. Evans, International materials reviews 40, (1), 1995 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. H. E. Evans, A. T. Donaldson and T. C. Gilmour, Oxidation of Metals 52, 1999 (397).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. H. Josefsson, F. Liu, J.-E. Svensson, M. Halvarsson and L.-G. Johansson, Materials and Corrosion 56, (11), 2005 (801).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. K. Hellström, J. Hall, P. Malmberg, Y. Cao, M. Norell and J.-E. Svensson, Energy Fuels 28, (9), 2014 (6116).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. E. P. Abrahamson II and S. L. Lopata, Transactions AIME 236, (1), 1966 (76).

    Google Scholar 

  81. V. Ya. Markiv, V.V. Burnashova, Russian Metallurgy (English Translation) 6, 113 (1969), translated from Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metallurgy 6, 181 (1969).

  82. J. A. Haynes, B. A. Pint, W. D. Porter and I. G. Wright, Materials at High Temperature 21, 2004 (87).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. B. A. Pint, W. D. Porter and I. G. Wright, Materials Science Forum 595–598, 2008 (1083).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. B. A. Pint, Material Science Forum 696, 2011 (57).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. B. A. Pint, in Shreir’s Corrosion, 3rd edn, Vol. 1 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2010), p. 606.

  86. V. Kochubey, D. Naumenko, E. Wessel, J. Le Coze, L. Singheiser, H. Al-Badairy, G. J. Tatlock and W. J. Quadakkers, Materials Letters 60, 2006 (1654).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. C. Zhu, X. Zhao, I. S. Molchan, G. E. Thompson, G. Liang and P. Xiao, Materials Science and Engineering A 528, 2011 (8687).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. V. Kochubey, H. Al-Badairy, G. Tatlock, J. Le-Coze, D. Naumenko and W. J. Quadakkers, Materials and Corrosion 56, (12), 2005 (848).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. W. J. Quadakkers, T. Malkow, H. Nickel, and A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz, The Effect of Major and Minor Alloying Elements on the Oxidation Limited Life of FeCrAl-Based Alloys, 2nd International Conference Heat Resistant Materials, 11–14 Sept. 1995, Gatlinburg, Poceedings ASM International, Materials Park, ISBN 0-87170-539-7, p. 91.

  90. D. Clemens, V. R. Vosberg, F. Tietz, W. J. Quadakkers and L. Singheiser, Effect of Ti Additions on isothermal and cyclic oxidation of NiCrAlY coating alloys for gas turbine applications, Proceedings 6th Liege Conference on Materials for Advanced Power Engineering, eds. J. Lecomte-Beckers, F. Schubert, P. J. Ennis, Vol. III, (1998) p. 1489.

  91. T. H. Gray, Effects of Carbide Stabilization and Inclusion Control on Processability and Oxidation Performance in an Fe-Cr-Al-RE Alloy, in Proceedings of International Conference on Metal Supported Automotive Catalytic Converters (MACC'97), 27–28 Oct. 1997, Wuppertal, Germany ed. H. Bode, (Werkstoff-Informationsgesellschaft mbH, Frankfurt, 1997), pp. 47–54.

  92. B. A. Pint and J. H. Schneibel, Scripta Materialia 52, 2005 (1199).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. R. Darolia, W. S. Walston and M. V. Nathal, in Superalloys, eds. R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton, A. D. Cetel, M. V. Nathal, T. M. Pollack and D. A. Woodford, (TMS, Warrendale, 1996), p. 561.

  94. J. A. Nesbitt, C. A. Barrett and R. Darolia, Electrochemical Society Proceedings 99–38, 2000 (192).

    Google Scholar 

  95. D. Naumenko, V. Kochubey, L. Niewolak, A. Dymiati, J. Mayer, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Journal of Materials Science 43, 2008 (4550).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. B. A. Pint, A. J. Garratt-Reed and L. W. Hobbs, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81, 1998 (305).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. B. A. Pint and K. A. Unocic, Materials at High Temperature 29, 2012 (257).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. W. J. Quadakkers, D. Naumenko, L. Singheiser, H. J. Penkalla, A. K. Tyagi and A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz, Materials and Corrosion 51, 2000 (350).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. W. J. Quadakkers, D. Naumenko, M. Dani, A. Dimiaty, J. Mayer, L. Singheiser, Importance of Reactive Element Interaction with C- and N-impurities for Alumina Scale Growth and Adherence on FeCrAl Alloys, in Proceedings of the John Stringer Symposium on High Temperature Corrosion, 5–8 Nov. 2001, (ASM International, Indianapolis, 2003), pp. 20–25.

  100. H. E. Evans and R. C. Lobb, Corrosion Science 24, (3), 1984 (209).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. J. Klöwer, Materials and Corrosion 51, 2000 (373).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. S. G. Gopalakrishnan, P. Huczkowski, J. Pernpeintner, T. Fend, H. Hattendorf, R. Iskandar, J. Mayer, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Materials at High Temperatures 29, (3), 2012 (249).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. D. J. Young, D. Naumenko, E. Wessel, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 42, (5), 2011 (1173).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. S. Gopalakrishnan, Internal oxides as templates for surface oxide layers with high emission coefficient and optimised barrier properties, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Aachen (RWTH), Germany (2013).

  105. K. Bongartz, W. J. Quadakkers, J. P. Pfeifer and J. S. Becker, Surface Science 292, 1993 (196).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. D. Clemens, K. Bongartz, W. J. Quadakkers, H. Nickel, H. Holzbrecher and J.-S. Becker, Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 353, 1995 (267).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. D. Naumenko, B. Gleeson, E. Wessel, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions 38A, 2007 (2974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. D. J. Young, D. Naumenko, L. Niewolak, E. Wessel, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Materials and Corrosion 61, 2010 (838).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. J. L. Smialek, N. S. Jacobson, B. Gleeson, D. B. Hovis and A. H. Heuer, Oxygen permeability and grain-boundary diffusion applied to alumina scales, NASA Technical Memorandum, NASA/TM-2013-217855 (2013).

  110. J. L. Smialek, Diffusivity in alumina scales grown on Al-MAX phases, NASA Technical Memorandum, NASA/TM-2014-218344 (2014).

  111. J. L. Smialek, Corrosion Science 91, 2015 (281).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. A. Kolb-Telieps, G. Strehl, D. Naumenko, W. J. Quadakkers, R. Newton, in Materials Aspects in Automotive Catalytic Converters, ISBN 3-527-30491-6, (WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, 2001), p. 49.

  113. A. Kolb-Telieps, U. Miller, H. Al-Badairy, G. J. Tatlock, D. Naumenko, W. J. Quadakkers, G. Strehl, G. Borchardt, R. Newton, J. R. Nicholls, M. Meier, D. Baxter, in Lifetime Modelling of High Temperature Corrosion Processes, EFC Monograph No. 34, ISSN 1354-5116, (The Institute of Materials, London, 2001), p. 123.

  114. T. A. Ramanarayanan, M. Raghavan and R. Petkovic-Luton, in Proceedings JIMIS-3, High Temperature Corrosion Transactions Supplement, Vol. 24, (Japan Institute of Light Metals, Tokyo, 1983), p. 199.

  115. K. A. Unocic, E. K. Essuman, S. Dryepondt and B. A. Pint, Materials at High Temperature 29, 2012 (171).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. B. A. Pint, K. A. Terrani, M. P. Brady, T. Cheng and J. R. Keiser, Journal of Nuclear Materials 440, 2013 (420).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. B. A. Pint, K. A. Unocic and K. A. Terrani, Materials at High Temperature 32, 2015 (28).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. B. A. Pint, K. A. Terrani, Y. Yamamoto and L. L. Snead, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions 2E, 2015 (190).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. N. M. Yanar, F. S. Pettit and G. H. Meier, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 37A, 2006 (1563).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. A. Gil, D. Naumenko, R. Vassen, J. Toscano, M. Subanovic, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Surface and Coatings Technology 204, 2009 (531).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. B. Rajasekaran, G. Mauer and R. Vaßen, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 20, (6), 2011 (1209).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. P. Song, D. Naumenko, R. Vassen, L. Singhesier and W. J. Quadakkers, Surface and Coatings Technology 221, 2013 (207).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. M. Subanovic, D. Sebold, R. Vassen, E. Wessel, D. Naumenko, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Materials and Corrosion 59, 2008 (463).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. J. Toscano, R. Vaßen, A. Gil, M. Subanovic, D. Naumenko, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Surface and Coating Technology 201, 2006 (3906).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. T. J. Nijdam and W. G. Sloof, Oxidation of Metals 69, 2008 (1).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. A. Gil, V. Shemet, R. Vassen, M. Subanovic, J. Toscano, D. Naumenko, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Surface and Coating Technology 201, 2006 (3824).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. M. Subanovic, P. Song, E. Wessel, R. Vassen, D. Naumenko, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Surface and Coatings Technology 204, 2009 (820).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. T. J. Nijdam and W. G. Sloof, Surface & Coatings Technology 201, 2006 (3894).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. U. Schulz, O. Bernardi, A. Ebach-Stahl, R. Vassen and D. Sebold, Surface & Coatings Technology 203, 2008 (160).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. M. Subanovic, Einfluss der Bondcoatzusammensetzung und Herstellungsparameter auf die Lebensdauer von Wärmedämmschichten bei zyklischer Temperaturbelastung, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Aachen, Germany (2008).

  131. A. M. Freborg, B. L. Ferguson, W. J. Brindley and G. J. Petrus, Materials Science and Engineering A 245, 1998 (182).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. M. Arens, R. Vaßen and D. Stöver, Surface and Coatings Technology 161, 2002 (26).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. J. A. Haynes, K. A. Unocic and B. A. Pint, Surface and Coatings Technology 215, 2013 (39).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. B. M. Warnes, Surface and Coatings Technology 146–147, 2001 (7).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. G. W. Goward, Surface and Coatings Technology 108–109, 1998 (73).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. P. Deb, D. H. Boone and T. F. Manley, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 5, 1987 (3366).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. V. K. Tolpygo, K. S. Murphy and D. R. Clarke, Acta Materialia 56, 2008 (489).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. B. A. Pint, J. A. Haynes, K. L. More and I. G. Wright, in Superalloys, eds. K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada, T. E. Howson, R. C. Reed, J. Schirra, and S. Walston, (TMS, Warrendale, 2004), p. 597.

  139. P. Y. Hou, A. P. Paulikas and B. W. Veal, JOM 61, (7), 2009 (51).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. B. A. Pint, J. A. Haynes and T. M. Besmann, Surface and Coatings Technology 204, (2010), 2010 (3287).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. K. Bouhanek, O. A. Adesanya, F. H. Stott, P. Skeldon, D. G. Lees and G. C. Wood, Materials Science Forum 369–372, 2001 (615).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Y. Zhang, J. A. Haynes, B. A. Pint and I. G. Wright, Surface and Coatings Technology 200, 2005 (1259).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. B. Gleeson, Journal of Propulsion and Power 22, 2006 (375).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. J. A. Haynes, K. A. Unocic, M. J. Lance and B. A. Pint, submitted to Oxidation of Metals (2016).

  145. B. A. Pint and Y. Zhang, Materials and Corrosion 62, 2011 (549).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. W. Krauss, J. Konys, N. Holstein and H. Zimmermann, Journal of Nuclear Materials 417, 2011 (1233).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. P. Hubberstey, T. Sample and A. Terlain, Fusion Technology 28, 1995 (1194).

    Google Scholar 

  148. G. C. Rybicki and J. L. Smialek, Oxidation of Metals 31, 1989 (275).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

BAP was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office (including Combined Heat and Power). Part of the work of DN was supported by the German research foundation in the frame of Emmy-Noether-Program (Grant-No. NA 615-2). The help of the following colleagues from the Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH is gratefully acknowledged: Dr. E. Wessel (SEM-studies), Dr. L. Niewolak (SNMS studies), V. Gutzeit, J. Bartsch (optical metallography), R. Mahnke, H. Cosler, and A. Kick (oxidation experiments). The authors also appreciate the comments on the manuscript from P. F. Tortorelli, S. Dryepondt, I. G. Wright, and J. L. Smialek.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-2), 52425, Jülich, Germany

    D. Naumenko & W. J. Quadakkers

  2. Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

    B. A. Pint

Authors
  1. D. Naumenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. A. Pint
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. J. Quadakkers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Naumenko.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Naumenko, D., Pint, B.A. & Quadakkers, W.J. Current Thoughts on Reactive Element Effects in Alumina-Forming Systems: In Memory of John Stringer. Oxid Met 86, 1–43 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-016-9625-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11085-016-9625-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation