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Deformation characteristics and microstructure evolution during hot deformation of 18Cr–12Ni–4Si stainless steel

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Abstract

The effect of hot deformation parameters on the flow behavior of newly developed 18Cr–12Ni–4Si has been studied. Hot compression tests were carried out in temperatures 1173–1473 K with varying strain rates from 0.01 to 10 s−1. The flow curves exhibited strain-hardening, strain-softening, and steady-state characteristics at different thermomechanical processing conditions. Constitutive modeling of the flow behavior has been carried out using a hyperbolic sinusoidal Arrhenius equation-based kinetic model to correlate the changes in the flow stress with temperature and strain rate. Due to low values of strain rate sensitivity, the proposed constitutive equation was less accurate at the lowest temperature and highest strain rate conditions. The dynamic materials model approach was adopted to identify the stable hot workability regimes using the processing maps. The regimes for optimum hot workability were found at 1222–1473 K/0.01–0.04 s−1; 1173–1473 K/0.04–0.36 s−1; and 1383–1473 K/3.89–10 s−1. Subsequently, the microstructural characterization using EBSD confirmed the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and was found to be the dominant recrystallization mechanism. The microstructures were segmented using the grain orientation spread analysis to distinguish between the deformed grains and the recrystallized grains. Avrami equation for DRX has been utilized for elucidating the DRX kinetics and prediction of recrystallized grains volume fraction at different strain rates and temperatures. The percentage of recrystallized grains that was obtained experimentally was in good agreement with the predicted results. It was discovered that, at a given strain, the recrystallization kinetics accelerates with the increasing temperature, while the reverse trend was observed with increasing strain rate.

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Acknowledgements

This research work was supported by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)–Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), India (Grant Number STC/MET/2017193). The authors also acknowledge the Advanced Centre of Materials Science (ACMS) at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India, for supporting this research work. P.S would like to thank Dr. Sumanta Samal, Mr. Ashok Kumar at IIT Indore and Mr. Pankaj Rawat at IIT Roorkee, India, for their valuable guidance. S.M would like to acknowledge R&D, Tata Steel for performing thermomechanical processing using Gleeble.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India

    Prince Setia, Sudhanshu S. Singh & Shashank Shekhar

  2. Research and Development, Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831007, India

    Subrata Mukherjee

  3. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Indian Space Research Organization, Trivandrum, 695022, India

    T. Venkateswaran

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PS helped in conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, visualization, formal analysis, and writing—original draft. SM investigated during the hot compression tests. SSS and SS contributed to supervision and writing—review and editing. TV helped in funding acquisition, realization of material and review.

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Correspondence to Shashank Shekhar.

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Setia, P., Mukherjee, S., Singh, S.S. et al. Deformation characteristics and microstructure evolution during hot deformation of 18Cr–12Ni–4Si stainless steel. J Mater Sci 58, 4987–5009 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08308-7

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