Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbon stocks vary in reference to the models used, socioecological factors and agroforestry practices in Central Ethiopia

  • Published:
Agroforestry Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics have led to significant carbon (C) emissions. Agroforestry (AF) practices are suitable land-use options for tackling such declines in ecosystem services, including climate change (CC) mitigation and biodiversity conservation. However, it is unclear how biomass models, AF practices, and socioecological factors determine these roles, which hinder the implementation of climate change mitigation initiatives. This study aimed to i) evaluate the biomass carbon and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of the three AF practices in relation to socioecological variables in central Ethiopia, and ii) compare the biomass carbon stock using different allometric models. Three AF practices were considered, namely, homegardens, parklands, and woodlots. A total of 432 soil samples were collected from 0–30 and 30–60 cm soil depths. Out of this total, 216 samples were used to determine the soil organic carbon fraction (%C), while the remaining 216 samples were used to calculate the bulk density. The study found that the currently developed allometric equations were the most accurate to estimate biomass carbon stocks in the landscape when compared to previous models. The study found a higher overall biomass C stock in woodlots (165.6 Mg ha−1) than in homegardens (134.1 Mg ha−1) and parklands (20.0 Mg ha−1). Conversely, overall, SOC stock was higher for homegardens (143.9 Mg ha−1), but lower for parklands (53.4 Mg ha−1). The total C stock (biomass carbon and SOC stocks) was comparable between homegardens (277.9 Mg ha−1) and woodlots (275.4 Mg ha−1). The study found that elevation, wealth levels, AF farm age, and size have a positive and significant (P < 0.05) effect on overall biomass C stock but non-significant with slope (P > 0.05). Similarly, SOC stock increased with increasing elevation, AF farm age, and wealth status but decreased with slope and non-significant with AF farm size. The study also showed that species diversity had a positive (P < 0.05) effect on overall biomass C stock in homegardens. The overall study highlights that AF practices have great potential to lock up more carbon in biomass and soils; however, these potentials were determined by socioecological variables. Thus, these factors should be considered in management strategies that preserve trees in agricultural landscapes in order to mitigate climate change and support the livelihoods of farmers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

  • Abide EB, Asfaw Z (2022) On-farm tree species diversity and management in semi-arid of Lemo district, Southern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 96:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alebachew A (2012) Traditional agroforestry practices, opportunities, threats and research needs in the highlands of Oromia, Central Ethiopia. Int Res J Agric Sci Soil Sci 2(5):194–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Aryal DR, Gómez-González RR, Hernández-Nuriasmú R, Morales-Ruiz DE (2019) Carbon stocks and tree diversity in scattered tree silvopastoral systems in Chiapas, Mexico. Agrofor Syst 93:213–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asrat Z, Eid T, Gobakken T, Negash M (2020) Aboveground tree biomass prediction options for the dry Afromontane forests in south-central Ethiopia. For Ecol Manage 473:118335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayinu YT, Ayal DY, Zeleke TT, Beketie KT (2022) Impact of climate variability on household food security in Godere District, Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Clim Serv 27:100307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bargali K, Bargali SS (2020) Effect of size and altitude on soil organic carbon stock in homegarden agroforestry system in Central Himalaya, India. Acta Ecol Sin 40(6):483–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batsi G, Sonwa DJ, Mangaza L, Ebuy J, Kahindo JM (2021) Preliminary estimation of above-ground carbon storage in cocoa agroforests of Bengamisa-Yangambi forest landscape (Democratic Republic of Congo). Agrofor Syst 95(8):1505–1517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baul TK, Chakraborty A, Nandi R, Mohiuddin M, Kilpeläinen A, Sultana T (2021) Effects of tree species diversity and stand structure on carbon stocks of homestead forests in Maheshkhali Island, Southern Bangladesh. Carbon Balance Manag 16(1):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayen P, Noulèkoun F, Bognounou F, Lykke AM, Djomo A, Lamers JP, Thiombiano A (2020) Models for estimating aboveground biomass of four dryland woody species in Burkina Faso, West Africa. J Arid Environ 180:104205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berhanu Y, Olav L, Nurfeta A, Angassa A, Aune JB (2019) Methane emissions from ruminant livestock in Ethiopia: promising forage species to reduce CH4 emissions. Agriculture 9(6):130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betemariyam M, Negash M, Worku A (2020) Comparative analysis of carbon stocks in home garden and adjacent coffee-based agroforestry systems in Ethiopia. Small-Scale For 19:319–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birhane E, Ahmed S, Hailemariam M, Negash M, Rannestad MM, Norgrove L (2020) Carbon stock and woody species diversity in homegarden agroforestry along an elevation gradient in southern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 94:1099–1110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buraka T, Elias E, Lelago A (2022) Soil organic carbon and its’ stock potential in different land-use types along slope position in Coka watershed, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 8(8):e10261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick KD, Asner GP (2016) Tropical soil nutrient distributions determined by biotic and hillslope processes. Biogeochemistry 127(2–3):273–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chave J, Condit R, Aguilar S, Hernandez A, Lao S, Perez R (2004) Error propagation and scaling for tropical forest biomass estimates. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B: Biol Sci 359(1443):409–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chave J, Réjou-Méchain M, Búrquez A, Chidumayo E, Colgan MS, Delitti WB, Duque A, Eid T, Fearnside PM, Goodman RC, Henry M (2014) Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob Change Biol 20(10):3177–3190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chemeda BA, Wakjira FS, Hizikias EB (2022) Tree diversity and biomass carbon stock analysis along altitudinal gradients in coffee-based agroforestry system of Western Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agric 8(1):2123767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dangai Y, Hamawa Y, Tsobou R, Oumarou HZ (2021) Carbon stocks in Daniellia oliveri agroforestry parklands in the Sudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon. Environ Challenges 5:100397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demie G, Negash M, Asrat Z, Bohdan L (2023a) Perennial plant species composition and diversity in relation to socioecological variables and agroforestry practices in central Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 1–16

  • Demie G, Negash M, Asrat Z, Bohdan L (2023b) Species specific and multi-species allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass of native perennial plant species grown in the agricultural landscape of Central Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 1–18

  • Dhyani S, Bartlett D, Kadaverugu R et al (2020) Integrated climate sensitive restoration framework for transformative changes to sustainable land restoration. Restor Ecol 28:1026–1031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon RK, Solomon AM, Brown S, Houghton RA, Trexier MC, Wisniewski J (1994) Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263(5144):185–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djomo AN, Picard N, Fayolle A, Henry M, Ngomanda A, Ploton P, McLellan J, Saborowski J, Adamou I, Lejeune P (2016) Tree allometry for estimation of carbon stocks in African tropical forests. Forestry: Int J For Res 89(4):446–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dori T, Asefaw Z, Kippie T (2022) Soil characteristics under dominant agroforestry systems along toposequence of Gedeo, Southeastern Ethiopia. Environ Sustain Ind 15:100191

    Google Scholar 

  • Enkossa T, Nemomissa S, Lemessa D (2023) Effects of land use types and environmental factors on woody species diversity in agricultural landscapes of Jimma Ganati District, Western Oromia, Ethiopia. J Nat Conserv 126531

  • Eyasu G, Tolera M, Negash M (2020) Woody species composition, structure, and diversity of homegarden agroforestry systems in southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 6:e05500

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2020) Global forest resources assessment report. Ethiopia, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks P, Hou-Jones X, Fikreyesus D, Sintayehu M, Mamuye S, Danso EY, Meshack CK, McNicol I, Soesbergen AV (2017) Reconciling forest conservation with food production in sub-Saharan Africa: case studies from Ethiopia, Ghana and Tanzania, pp 108-pp

  • Ganamé M, Bayen P, Ouédraogo I, Hubert L (2021) Trees, forests and people allometric models for improving aboveground biomass estimates in West African savanna ecosystems. Trees People 4:100077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gashu K, Muchie Y (2018) Rethink the interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. J Ecol Environ 42:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebre AB, Birhane E, Gebresamuel G, Hadgu KM, Norgrove L (2019) Woody species diversity and carbon stock under different land use types at Gergera watershed in eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 93:1191–1203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebremeskel D, Birhane E, Rannestad MM, Gebre S, Tesfay G (2021) Biomass and soil carbon stocks of Rhamnus prinoides based agroforestry practice with varied density in the drylands of Northern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 95(7):1275–1293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebrewahid Y, Gebre-Egziabhier T, Teka K, Birhane E (2018) Carbon stock potential of scattered trees on farmland along an altitudinal gradient in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Ecol Process 7:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getachew E, Lemessa D, Leulekal E (2021) Socio-ecological determinants of species composition of crops in homegardens of southern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst

  • Getnet D, Mekonnen Z, Anjulo A (2023) The potential of traditional agroforestry practices as nature-based carbon sinks in Ethiopia. Nat-Based Solutions 4:100079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getnet D, Negash M (2021) Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass of khat (Catha edulis)-stimulate grown in agroforestry of Raya Valley, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 7:e05839

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghale B, Mitra E, Sodhi HS, Verma AK, Kumar S (2022) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems and its potential in climate change mitigation. Water Air Soil Pollut 233(7):228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginbo T (2022) Heterogeneous impacts of climate change on crop yields across altitudes in Ethiopia. Clim Change 170(1–2):12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hager A (2012) The effects of management and plant diversity on carbon storage in coffee agroforestry systems in Costa Rica. Agrofor Syst 86(2):159–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haile G, Lemenih M, Senbeta F, Itanna F (2017) Plant diversity and determinant factors across smallholder agricultural management units in Central Ethiopia Plant diversity and determinant factors across smallholder agricultural management units in Central Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 91:677–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hairiah K, van Noordwijk M, Sari RR et al (2020) Soil carbon stocks in Indonesian (agro) forest transitions: compaction conceals lower carbon concentrations in standard accounting. Agric Ecosyst Environ 294:106879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houssoukpèvi IA, Aholoukpè HN, Fassinou DJ, Rakotondrazafy MN, Amadji GL, Chapuis-Lardy L, Chevallier T (2022) Biomass and soil carbon stocks of the main land use of the Allada Plateau (Southern Benin). Carbon Manag 13(1):249–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaisa KK, Maria B, Efrian M, Sirkku J, Moira M, Cynthia M, Bimo D (2017) Analyzing REDD+ as an experiment of transformative climate governance: Insights from Indonesia. Environ Sci Policy 73:61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalita RM, Das AK, Sileshi GW, Nath AJ (2020) Ecosystem carbon stocks in different aged tea agroforestry systems: implications for regional ecosystem management. Trop Ecol 61:203–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanta S, Maraseni T, Prasad Y, Parajuli R (2021) Forest policy and economics species composition, diversity, and carbon stock in trees outside forests in middle hills of Nepal. For Policy Econ 125:102402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassa G, Bekele T, Demissew S, Abebe T (2022) Above-and belowground biomass and biomass carbon stocks in homegarden agroforestry systems of different age groups at three sites of southern and southwestern Ethiopia. Carbon Manag 13(1):531–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DG, Terefe B, Girma S, Kedir H, Morkie N, Woldie TM (2016) Conversion of home garden agroforestry to crop fields reduced soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in Southern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 90:251–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimaro OD, Desie E, Kimaro DN, Vancampenhout K, Feger KH (2024a) Salient features and ecosystem services of tree species in mountainous indigenous agroforestry systems of North-Eastern Tanzania. Front For Global Change 6:1082864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimaro OD, Desie E, Verbist B, Kimaro D, Vancampenhout K, Feger KH (2024b) Soil organic carbon stocks and fertility in smallholder indigenous agroforestry systems of the north-eastern mountains, Tanzania. Geoderma Regional. Geoderma Regional, e00759

  • Kumar BM (2023) Do carbon stocks and floristic diversity of tropical homegardens vary along an elevational gradient and based on holding size in central Kerala, India? Agrofor Syst 97(5):751–783

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyah S, Dietz J, Muthuri C, Jamnadass R, Mwangi P, Coe R, Neufeldt H (2012a) Allometric equations for estimating biomass in agricultural landscapes: II. Belowground biomass. Agr Ecosyst Environ 158:225–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyah S, Sileshi GW, Njoloma J, Mng’omba S, Neufeldt H (2014) Estimating aboveground tree biomass in three different miombo woodlands and associated land use systems in Malawi. Biomass Bioenerg 66:214–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyah S, Dietz J, Muthuri C, Jamnadass R, Mwangi P, Coe R, Neufeldt H (2012b) Allometric equations for estimating biomass in agricultural landscapes: I. Aboveground biomass. Agr Ecosyst Environ 158:216–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legesse A, Negash M (2021) Species diversity, composition, structure and management in agroforestry systems: the case of Kachabira district, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 7(3)

  • Liu M, Wang Q, Guo L, Yi J, Lin H, Zhu Q, Fan B, Zhang H (2020) Influence of canopy and topographic position on soil moisture response to rainfall in a hilly catchment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. J Geog Sci 30:949–968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz K, Lal R (2014) Soil organic carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems: a review. Agrofor Syst Sustain Dev 34:443–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Z, Chen HY, Bork EW, Carlyle CN, Chang SX (2020) Carbon accumulation in agroforestry systems is affected by tree species diversity, age and regional climate: a global meta-analysis. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 29(10):1817–1828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Man M, Wild J, Macek M, Kopecký M (2022) Can high-resolution topography and forest canopy structure substitute microclimate measurements? Bryophytes say no. Sci Total Environ 821:153377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manaye A, Tesfamariam B, Tesfaye M, Worku A, Gufi Y (2021) Tree diversity and carbon stocks in agroforestry systems in northern Ethiopia. Carbon Balance Manage 16(1):14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew MM, Majule AE, Sinclair F, Marchant R (2016) Relationships between on-farm tree stocks and soil organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient, Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Forests, Trees Livelihoods 25(4):255–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mebrate A, Kippie T, Zeray N, Haile G. (2022) Selected physical and chemical properties of soil under different agroecological zone in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 8(12)

  • Mosquera-Losada MR, Santiago-Freijanes JJ, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A et al (2020) The importance of agroforestry systems in supporting biodiversity conservation and agricultural production: a European perspective. Reconciling agricultural production with biodiversity conservation. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, pp 243–258

  • Muche M, Molla E, Rewald B, Abraha B (2022) Heliyon Diversity and composition of farm plantation tree / shrub species along altitudinal gradients in North-eastern Ethiopia: implication for conservation. Heliyon 8:e09048

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mulat Y, Kibret K, Bedadi B, Mohammed M (2018) Soil organic carbon stock under different land use types in Kersa Sub Watershed, Eastern Ethiopia. 13:1248–1256

  • Negash M, Kaseva J, Kahiluoto H (2022) Perennial monocropping of khat decreased soil carbon and nitrogen relative to multistrata agroforestry and natural forest in southeastern Ethiopia. Reg Environ Change 22(2):38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negash M, Starr M, Kanninen M (2013a) Allometric equations for biomass estimation of Enset (Ensete ventricosum) grown in indigenous agroforestry systems in the Rift Valley escarpment of southern-eastern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 87:571–581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negash M, Starr M, Kanninen M, Berhe L (2013b) Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass of Coffea arabica L. grown in the Rift Valley escarpment of Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 87(4):953–966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngomanda A, Engone Obiang NL, Lebamba J et al (2014) Site-specific versus pantropical allometric equations: Which option to estimate the biomass of a moist central African forest? For Ecol Manage 312:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Noordwijk M, Aynekulu E, Hijbeek R, Milne E, Minasny B, Dwi Saputra D (2023) Soils as carbon stores and sinks: expectations, patterns, processes, and prospects of transitions. Ann Rev Environ Resour 48:177–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyombi K, Van Asten PJ, Leffelaar PA, Corbeels M, Kaizzi CK, Giller KE (2009) Allometric growth relationships of East Africa highland bananas (Musa AAA-EAHB) cv. Kisansa and Mbwazirume. Ann Appl Biol 155(3):403–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olorunfemi IE, Olufayo AA, Fasinmirin JT, Komolafe AA (2022) Dynamics of land use land cover and its impact on carbon stocks in Sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Environ Dev Sustain 24(1):40–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orke YA, Li MH (2022) Impact of climate change on hydrometeorology and droughts in the Bilate Watershed, Ethiopia. Water 14(5):729

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orkodjo TP, Kranjac-Berisavijevic G, Abagale FK (2022) Impact of climate change on future precipitation amounts, seasonal distribution, and streamflow in the Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia. Heliyon 8:e09711

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paul KI, Roxburgh SH, Chave J, England JR, Zerihun A, Specht A, Lewis T, Bennett LT, Baker TG, Adams MA, Huxtable D (2016) Testing the generality of above-ground biomass allometry across plant functional types at the continent scale. Glob Change Biol 22(6):2106–2124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson T, Walker S, Brown S (2005) Sourcebook for land-use, land-use change and forestry projects. Winrock International and the Bio-carbon fund of the World Bank, Arlington

  • Phillips J, Ramirez S, Wayson C, Duque A (2019) Differences in carbon stocks along an elevational gradient in tropical mountain forests of Colombia. Biotropica 51(4):490–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM, Kundu GK, Kabir ME, Ahmed H, Xu M (2021) Assessing tree coverage and the direct and mediation effect of tree diversity on carbon storage through stand structure in homegardens of southwestern Bangladesh. Forests 12(12):1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raihan A, Said MN (2022) Cost-benefit analysis of climate change mitigation measures in the forestry sector of Peninsular Malaysia. Earth Syst Environ 6:405–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00241-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raj A, Jhariya MK (2021) Carbon storage, flux and mitigation potential of tropical Sal mixed deciduous forest ecosystem in Chhattisgarh, India. J Environ Manag 293:112829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput BS, Bhardwaj DR, Pala NA (2017) Factors influencing biomass and carbon storage potential of different land use systems along an elevational gradient in temperate northwestern Himalaya. Agrofor Syst 91:479–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reppin S, Kuyah S, de Neergaard A, Oelofse M, Rosenstock TS (2020) Contribution of agroforestry to climate change mitigation and livelihoods in Western Kenya. Agrofor Syst 94:203–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstock TS, Wilkes A, Jallo C, Namoi N, Bulusu M, Suber M, Mboi D, Mulia R, Simelton E, Richards M, Gurwick N (2019) Making trees count: Measurement and reporting of agroforestry in UNFCCC national communications of non-Annex I countries. Agr Ecosyst Environ 284:106569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha SK, Nair PR, Nair VD, Kumar BM (2009) Soil carbon stock in relation to plant diversity of homegardens in Kerala, India. Agrofor Syst 76:53–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salunkhe OR, Valvi GR, Singh S, Rane GM, Khan ML, Saxena V, Khare PK (2023) Forest carbon stock and biomass estimation in West Central India using two allometric models. Carbon Res 2(1):9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santiago-Freijanes JJ, Mosquera-Losada MR, Rois-Díaz M, Ferreiro-Domínguez N, Pantera A, Aldrey JA, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A (2021) Global and European policies to foster agricultural sustainability: agroforestry. Agrofor Syst 95(5):775–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sari RR, Saputra DD, Hairiah K, Rozendaal DM, Roshetko JM, Van Noordwijk M (2020) Gendered species preferences link tree diversity and carbon stocks in cacao agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Land 9(4):108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler Z, Seifert T, Sheppard JP, Morhart C (2023) Allometric models for above-ground biomass, carbon and nutrient content of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees in agroforestry systems. Ann For Sci 80(1):28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semere M, Cherinet A, Gebreyesus M (2022) Climate resilient traditional agroforestry systems in Silite. J for Sci 68:136–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi L, Feng W, Xu J, Kuzyakov Y (2018) Agroforestry systems: Meta-analysis of soil carbon stocks, sequestration processes, and future potentials. Land Degrad Dev 29:3886–3897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin S, Soe KT, Lee H et al (2020) A systematic map of agroforestry research focusing on ecosystem services in the Asia-Pacific region. Forests 11:1–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tadesse E, Negash M (2023) Impacts of indigenous agroforestry practices and elevation gradient on ecosystem carbon stocks in smallholdings’ farming system in South-Central Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 97(1):13–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teklewold H, Mekonnen A, Kohlin G (2019) Climate change adaptation: a study of multiple climate-smart practices in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia. Climate Dev 11(2):180–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tesfay HM, Negash M, Godbold DL, Hager H (2022) Assessing carbon pools of three indigenous agroforestry systems in the Southeastern Rift-Valley Landscapes, Ethiopia. Sustainability 14(8):4716

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tetemke BA, Birhane E, Rannestad MM, Eid T (2019) Allometric models for predicting aboveground biomass of trees in the dry afromontane forests of Northern Ethiopia. Forests 10(12):1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsedeke RE, Dawud SM, Tafere SM (2021) Assessment of carbon stock potential of parkland agroforestry practice: the case of Minjar Shenkora; North Shewa, Ethiopia. Environ Syst Res 10:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tumwebaze SB, Bevilacqua E, Briggs R, Volk T (2013) Allometric biomass equations for tree species used in agroforestry systems in Uganda. Agrofor Syst 87:781–795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ubuy MH, Eid T, Bollandsås OM, Birhane E (2018) Aboveground biomass models for trees and shrubs of exclosures in the drylands of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. J Arid Environ 156:9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Breugel M, Ransijn J, Craven D, Bongers F, Hall JS (2011) Estimating carbon stock in secondary forests: decisions and uncertainties associated with allometric biomass models. For Ecol Manage 262(8):1648–1657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verchot LV, Van Noordwijk M, Kandji S et al (2007) Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12:901–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37(1):29–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woldu G, Solomon N, Hishe H et al (2020) Topographic variables to determine the diversity of woody species in the exclosure of Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 6:e03121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan ZQ, Fang C, Zhang R, Li FM, Javaid MM, Janssens IA (2019) Topographic influences on soil properties and aboveground biomass in lucerne-rich vegetation in a semi-arid environment. Geoderma 344:137–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Zhang J, Mattson K, Finley K (2020) Effect of silviculture on carbon pools during development of a ponderosa pine plantation. Forests 11(9):997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ambo University, Czech University of Life Sciences, and NORAD Project for providing financial support for this study.

Funding

This study was supported by Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ambo University, NORAD project, and Czech University of Life Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, P.O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia

    Gadisa Demie

  2. Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 128, Shashemene, Ethiopia

    Mesele Negash & Zerihun Asrat

  3. Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic

    Lojka Bohdan

Authors
  1. Gadisa Demie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mesele Negash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zerihun Asrat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lojka Bohdan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

G.D. designed the study, conduct field and laboratory work, and analyzed the data and M.N. and B.L. searched research fund. G.D., M.N., Z.A. and B.L. wrote the manuscript. M.N., Z.A., B.L. supervised work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gadisa Demie.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Demie, G., Negash, M., Asrat, Z. et al. Carbon stocks vary in reference to the models used, socioecological factors and agroforestry practices in Central Ethiopia. Agroforest Syst (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-00998-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-00998-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation