Abstract
Agroforestry systems have been recognized for their high carbon (C) capture but vary across agroforestry practices and elevation gradients. Four distinct traditional agroforestry practices namely, dispersed trees in perennial crops, homesteads, boundary plantations, and woodlots, under smallholdings along elevation gradients were assessed. Using stratified random sampling, 540 sample quadrats in three elevations were randomly selected for biomass carbon stocks accounting. In addition, 180 sample quadrats were randomly selected for litters, fine roots, and soil organic carbon assessment. Litters and fine roots carbon stocks were determined based on loss-on-ignition and soil organic carbon (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm) determined using Walkley–Black method. The mean (± sd) biomass carbon stock in the boundary plantation was significantly (p < 0.001) higher by 64, 80, and 91% than woodlots, dispersed trees in perennial crops, and homesteads, respectively. The mean (± sd) ecosystem carbon stock (in biomass, litters, fine roots, and soil) in boundary plantation was significantly (p < 0.001) higher by 71, 64, and 47% than homesteads, dispersed trees, and woodlots, respectively. Litters and fine roots biomass carbon stocks showed insignificant contributions to ecosystem carbon stocks, valued 0.4 and 1.9%, respectively. Ecosystem carbon stock was significantly (p < 0.001) higher at the upper and middle elevations than the lower elevation. Observation on the interactions between elevation gradients and agroforestry practices did not show significant effect. Future attempts in agroforestry designs for tree intensifications and enhanced ecosystem carbon stocks should take into account the various distinct agroforestry practices and elevation gradients.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge farmers for their unreserved willingness and cooperation during the insistent surveying in their farms’ and households’ interviews. We are also thankful for the Sidama regional state Bureau of agriculture experts for their cooperation in accessing relevant secondary data. We would also like to acknowledge the Hawassa University, Research and Publication Directorate for providing the financial support.
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Appendix
Appendix
Annex I Individual tree and other perennial plants species’ standing biomass carbon (SBC) stocks (Mg C ha−1) in Sidama traditional agroforestry practices, south-central Ethiopia. DTPC dispersed trees in perennial crops, HS homestead, BP boundary plantation, WL woodlots, AGC above ground biomass carbon, BGC belowground biomass carbon, TC total carbon (AGC + BGC).
Species name | SBC stocks in traditional agroforestry practices | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DTPC (n = 135) | HS (n = 135) | BP (n = 135) | WL (n = 135) | |||||||||||||
AGC | BGC | TC | % | AGC | BGC | TC | % | AGC | BGC | TC | % | AGC | BGC | TC | % | |
Acacia abyssinica Benth | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Acacia decurence | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 6.1 | 0.5 | 120.5 | 62.4 | 182.9 | 3.4 | 36.1 | 13.4 | 49.5 | 7.1 |
Acacia seyal Del | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.6 | 2.0 | 6.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Acacia tortilis | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 17.6 | 6.9 | 24.5 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Albizzia gummifera (Gmel.) C.A.Sm | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.0 | 3.7 | 12.7 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Annona senegalensis | 12.4 | 5.0 | 17.4 | 1.5 | 17.0 | 6.7 | 23.7 | 1.8 | 7.5 | 3.9 | 11.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Arundinaria alpina K.Schum | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.7 | 9.8 | 35.4 | 5.1 |
Balanites aegyptiaca | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 74.6 | 26.2 | 100.8 | 7.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Bersama abyssinicaFres | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.5 | 3.9 | 13.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 9.6 | 34.6 | 5.0 |
Celtis africana Burm. F | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 2.3 | 7.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Citrus sinensis | 8.0 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 80.8 | 28.2 | 109.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Coffee arabica L | 23.4 | 9.0 | 32.4 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Cordia africana Lam | 76.7 | 26.9 | 103.6 | 8.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Croton macrostachys Hochst. Ex Del | 19.7 | 7.7 | 27.4 | 2.3 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 10.9 | 0.8 | 106.8 | 36.5 | 143.3 | 2.6 | 14.1 | 5.6 | 19.7 | 2.8 |
Cupressus lusitanica Mill | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 203.7 | 66.3 | 270.0 | 20.3 | 107.8 | 36.8 | 144.6 | 2.7 | 67.2 | 23.8 | 91.1 | 13.1 |
Discopodium penninervum Hochst | 2.4 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 2.5 | 8.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Dispyros abyssinica (Hiem.) White | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 4.5 | 15.6 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Dombeya torrida (J.F. Gmel.) Bamps | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 88.0 | 30.6 | 118.6 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Ehretia cymosa Thonn | 11.1 | 4.5 | 15.6 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Embelia shimperi Vatke | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.8 | 5.5 | 19.3 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Enset ventricosum | 5.5 | 20.3 | 25.8 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Erythrina abyssinica Lam. Ex. Dc | 24.5 | 9.4 | 33.9 | 2.9 | 24.4 | 9.3 | 33.7 | 2.5 | 325.3 | 102.1 | 427.3 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Erythrina brucei Schweinf | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 2.2 | 7.4 | 0.6 | 112.6 | 38.4 | 151.0 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 51.5 | 18.6 | 70.2 | 5.3 | 409.6 | 126.3 | 535.9 | 9.9 | 276.6 | 87.9 | 364.5 | 52.4 |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 41.5 | 15.2 | 56.7 | 4.3 | 152.1 | 50.6 | 202.7 | 3.7 | 51.1 | 18.5 | 69.6 | 10.0 |
Eucela shimperi (A.DC.) Dandy | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 2.7 | 8.9 | 0.7 | 11.4 | 4.6 | 16.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Euphorbia abyssinica Gmel | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 36.8 | 13.7 | 50.4 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 3.2 | 10.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Euphorbia candelabrum Term. Kotschy | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 60.5 | 21.6 | 82.1 | 6.2 | 322.6 | 101.3 | 423.9 | 7.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl.) Del | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 7.2 | 0.5 | 28.3 | 10.7 | 39.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Ficus spp. | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.6 | 3.9 | 13.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Ficus sur Forrsk | 378.7 | 117.5 | 496.1 | 41.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 179.2 | 58.9 | 238.1 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Ficus sycomorus | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.9 | 3.7 | 12.6 | 0.9 | 246.8 | 79.1 | 325.9 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Ficus vasta Forrsk | 74.5 | 26.2 | 100.7 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Gardenia lutea Fres | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 11.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Ex. R. Br | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.0 | 7.4 | 26.4 | 2.0 | 241.5 | 77.6 | 319.0 | 5.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
Hagenia abyssinica (Brucee) J.F. Gmel | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.2 | 4.9 | 17.2 | 1.3 | 550.2 | 165.8 | 716.0 | 13.2 | 21.2 | 8.2 | 29.4 | 4.2 |
Hypericum roeperianum | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 49.4 | 17.9 | 67.4 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Juniperus procera Hochst. Ex Endl | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 45.0 | 16.4 | 61.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Maesa lanceolata Forssk | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 7.4 | 0.6 | 64.1 | 22.8 | 86.9 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Manjifera indica | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.1 | 5.6 | 19.8 | 1.5 | 33.0 | 12.3 | 45.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Melia azedarach (Hochst) Baker | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.7 | 3.2 | 10.9 | 0.8 | 69.6 | 24.6 | 94.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Milletia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker | 52.5 | 19.0 | 71.5 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 57.8 | 20.7 | 78.6 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Mimusops kummel Bruce ex DC | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.2 | 3.8 | 13.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Moringa stenopetala (Bak.) Cuf | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.3 | 7.9 | 28.2 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Olea europaea L.ssp. Africana (Mill.) P.S. Green | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 30.5 | 11.5 | 42.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Persea americana | 35.1 | 13.1 | 48.1 | 4.1 | 11.9 | 4.8 | 16.7 | 1.3 | 111.4 | 38.0 | 149.3 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Pittosorum abyssinicum Del | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 59.3 | 21.2 | 80.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Mirb | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 191.4 | 62.6 | 254.0 | 19.1 | 68.9 | 24.4 | 93.3 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Polyscids fulva (Hiern.) Harms | 6.7 | 2.8 | 9.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Premna schimperi | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.9 | 3.3 | 11.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkm | 39.6 | 14.6 | 54.2 | 4.6 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 5.7 | 0.4 | 125.9 | 42.5 | 168.5 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Psidium guajava | 39.7 | 14.7 | 54.4 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Spathodea campanulata Beauv | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.7 | 11.6 | 42.3 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Syzigeem guineense (Wild.) DC | 48.5 | 17.6 | 66.1 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 67.9 | 24.0 | 92.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Teclea nobilis Del | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 19.0 | 7.4 | 26.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Vernonia amygdalina Del | 10.1 | 4.1 | 14.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 24.4 | 9.4 | 33.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Vernonia auriculifera Hierm | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 6.8 | 0.5 | 128.8 | 43.4 | 172.2 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total | 868.9 | 316.7 | 1185.7 | 100.0 | 977.1 | 352.7 | 1329.9 | 100.0 | 4067.7 | 1359.6 | 5427.4 | 100.0 | 518.0 | 177.3 | 695.3 | 100.0 |
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Tadesse, E., Negash, M. Impacts of indigenous agroforestry practices and elevation gradient on ecosystem carbon stocks in smallholdings’ farming system in South-Central Ethiopia. Agroforest Syst 97, 13–30 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-022-00781-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-022-00781-4