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Orientation Dependency and Hysteresis Nature of Inter-Ply Friction in Woven Fabrics

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Abstract

Inter-ply slippage is known to be an important mechanism taking place during forming processes of textile composites, especially with respect to multi-layer fabric lay-ups. The coefficient of friction between the plies strongly depends on the structure and the orientation of forming fabric. Despite many numerical and experimental investigations, this dependency and its effect on the interaction between the plies has been overlooked. In this paper, the effect of fiber orientation on the interlayer friction of a typical thermoplastic fabric prepreg at room temperature is investigated. Results, through a polar representation of data, revealed that both static and dynamic coefficients of friction are statistically dependent on the lay-up orientation, applied normal load, along with their interaction. Further, it was identified that the repeated frictional loading of the plies results in a hysteresis, particularly for asymmetric layups due to non-negligible movement and realignment of filaments at the micro-scale. Finally, an empirical model was developed using an interpolation function (for pressure dependency) combined with a Fourier series (for orientation dependency), to predict the coefficients of friction.

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Acknowledgment

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, as well as the Composites Research Network (CRN).

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  1. Reza Sourki and Bryn Crawford have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Composites Research Network, The University of British Columbia, BC, Canada

    Reza Sourki, Bryn Crawford, Reza Vaziri & Abbas S. Milani

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  1. Reza Sourki
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Correspondence to Abbas S. Milani.

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Appendices

Appendix A

ANOVA normality assumptions

Residuals from the ANOVA models were employed to assess normality plots shown in Fig. 12. The distribution of the residuals confirmed the assumption of normality in the analyses, and hence the use of standard (parametric) ANOVA for the obtained friction test datasets.

Fig. 12
figure 12

The residual plots, confirming the normality assumption of the ANOVA models. This has been performed using MATLAB’s Statistical Toolbox for each input factor with respect to each output, resulting in the six plots. The two-way ANOVA model demonstrates that the two (input) design and process variables used (i.e. relative fabric orientation and applied normal pressure) have a statistically-significant effect on the system response (frictional behavior), given the p-values in Table 3 and 4. Accordingly, the empirical model included these two variables, and resulted in the coefficients of determination as high as 99% per Table 5

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Sourki, R., Crawford, B., Vaziri, R. et al. Orientation Dependency and Hysteresis Nature of Inter-Ply Friction in Woven Fabrics. Appl Compos Mater 28, 113–127 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-020-09846-y

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